Abstract
Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yields are reduced by heat stress in many countries worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine whether modifications to currently recommended crop management practices could improve wheat yield at hot‐environment sites in three countries. Field trials were conducted between 1991 and 1993 in Sudan and Bangladesh by their respective national agricultural research systems (NARS) and in Mexico by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Crop establishment and other plant characteristics were measured to help understand the basis of improved performance and to identify potential diagnostic traits. Management factors included (i) irrigation, (ii) inorganic fertilizer (NPK), (iii) organic fertilizer in the form of farmyard manure (FYM), (iv) straw mulch, (v) genotype, and (vi) sowing date. Control treatments represented recommended practices and gave yields of 3.6 t ha −1 , averaged across all environments. Considering main effects, FYM (10 t ha −1 ) gave the highest yield response (14%) and approximately equivalent levels of NPK gave the lowest (5.5%), suggesting that organic fertilizer provided growth factors in addition to nutrient content. Mulch and extra irrigation increased yield in Sudan and Mexico, which are hot environments with low relative humidity, but not in hot, humid Bangladesh. In Mexico, extra inputs were more beneficial under hotter, spring‐sown conditions than for winter sowings, with responses of 17 and 8% to extra NPK, 17 and 14% to FYM, and 11 and 6% to mulch, respectively. Comparison of heat‐tolerant (Glennson 81) and heat‐sensitive (Pavon 76) genotypes showed that the heat‐tolerant genotype was generally more responsive to additional inputs. Improved performance in response to inputs was generally associated with better stand establishment, and with significant increases in plant height, grain per unit area, and aboveground biomass; in Mexico, there was also an association with higher canopy temperature depression and light interception. The possibilities of realizing the benefits of applied organic matter and mulch treatments through residue retention and reduced tillage are briefly discussed.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended controls averaged 3.6 t ha −1 wheat yield.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- yieldse0
- Value
- 3.6 t ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control treatments represented recommended practices and gave yields of 3.6 t ha −1 , averaged across all environments”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure at 10 t ha −1 produced a 14% yield response.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FYM (10 t ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- yield responsee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FYM (10 t ha −1 ) gave the highest yield response (14%)”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Equivalent NPK produced a 5.5% wheat yield response, lowest among main effects.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“approximately equivalent levels of NPK gave the lowest (5.5%)”
e1“yield response”
e2“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch increased wheat yield in Sudan and Mexico.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Mulche0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Sudan and Mexicoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulch and extra irrigation increased yield in Sudan and Mexico, which are hot environments with low relative humidity”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra irrigation increased wheat yield in Sudan and Mexico.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- extra irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Sudan and Mexicoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulch and extra irrigation increased yield in Sudan and Mexico, which are hot environments with low relative humidity”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch did not increase wheat yield in hot humid Bangladesh.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Mulche0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Setting
- Bangladeshe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulch and extra irrigation increased yield in Sudan and Mexico, which are hot environments with low relative humidity, but not in hot, humid Bangladesh”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra irrigation did not increase wheat yield in hot humid Bangladesh.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- extra irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Setting
- Bangladeshe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulch and extra irrigation increased yield in Sudan and Mexico, which are hot environments with low relative humidity, but not in hot, humid Bangladesh”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra NPK produced a 17% response in spring sowings and 8% in winter sowings in Mexico.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- extra NPKe0
- Outcome
- responsese0
- Direction
- more beneficiale0
- Value
- 17 and 8%e0
- Comparator
- winter sowingse0
- Setting
- Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Mexico, extra inputs were more beneficial under hotter, spring‐sown conditions than for winter sowings, with responses of 17 and 8% to extra NPK”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM produced 17% and 14% responses in spring and winter sowings in Mexico.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FYMe0
- Outcome
- responsese0
- Direction
- more beneficiale0
- Value
- 17 and 14%e0
- Comparator
- winter sowingse0
- Setting
- Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Mexico, extra inputs were more beneficial under hotter, spring‐sown conditions than for winter sowings, with responses of 17 and 8% to extra NPK, 17 and 14% to FYM”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch produced 11% and 6% responses in spring and winter sowings in Mexico.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- mulche0
- Outcome
- responsese0
- Direction
- more beneficiale0
- Value
- 11 and 6%e0
- Comparator
- winter sowingse0
- Setting
- Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Mexico, extra inputs were more beneficial under hotter, spring‐sown conditions than for winter sowings, with responses of 17 and 8% to extra NPK, 17 and 14% to FYM, and 11 and 6% to mulch”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-tolerant Glennson 81 was generally more responsive to inputs than heat-sensitive Pavon 76.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- Glennson 81e0
- Outcome
- responsive to additional inputse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Pavon 76e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparison of heat‐tolerant (Glennson 81) and heat‐sensitive (Pavon 76) genotypes showed that the heat‐tolerant genotype was generally more responsive to additional inputs”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved input response was associated with better stand establishment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- stand establishmente0
- Outcome
- Improved performancee0
- Direction
- Improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved performance in response to inputs was generally associated with better stand establishment”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved input response was associated with significant gains in height, grain per area and biomass.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- inputse0
- Outcome
- plant height, grain per unit area, and aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved performance in response to inputs was generally associated with better stand establishment, and with significant increases in plant height, grain per unit area, and aboveground biomass”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Mexico, improved performance was associated with higher canopy temperature depression and light interception.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- canopy temperature depression and light interceptione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in Mexico, there was also an association with higher canopy temperature depression and light interception”
e1“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
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