Abstract
The effects of fertilizer treatment on the soil nutrient concentrations, biomass production and nutrient consumption of Salix x dasyclados and Salix ‘Aquatica’ were studied in five experiments on three cut-away peatland sites in western and eastern Finland during three years. Factorial experiments with all combinations of N (100 kg ha–1 a–1), P (30 kg ha–1 a–1) and K (80 kg ha–1 a–1) were conducted. The application of P and K fertilizers increased the concentrations of corresponding extractable nutrients in the soil as well as in willow foliage. N-fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentration. An increase in age usually led to decreases in bark and wood N, P and K concentrations and increases in bark Ca concentrations. N-fertilization increased the three-year biomass yield 1.5–2.7 times when compared to control plots. P-fertilization increased the yield only in those experimental fields whose substrates had the lowest phosphorus concentration. K-fertilization did not increase the yield in any of the experimental fields. The highest total biomass yield of NPK-fertilized willow after three growing seasons, 23 t ha–1, was distributed in the following way: wood 42%, bark 19%, foliage 17%, stumps 6% and roots 16%. As the yield and stand age increased, more of the biomass was allocated in above-ground wood. Three-year-old stands (above-ground biomass 18 t ha–1) contained as much as 196 kg N ha–1, 26 kg P ha–1, 101 kg K ha–1, 74 kg Ca ha–1 and 37 kg Mg ha–1. By far the highest proportion of nutrients accumulated in the foliage. The bark and wood contained relatively high proportions of calcium and phosphorus respectively. With an increase in age and size, the amount of nitrogen and potassium bound in one dry-mass ton of willow biomass decreased while that of phosphorus remained unchanged.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
P and K fertilization increased corresponding extractable soil and willow foliar nutrients.
- Treatment
- P and K fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of corresponding extractable nutrients in the soil as well as in willow foliagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
SalixNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of P and K fertilizers increased the concentrations of corresponding extractable nutrients in the soil as well as in willow foliage”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N-fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentration”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Bark and wood N, P and K concentrations generally declined with age.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in age usually led to decreases in bark and wood N, P and K concentrations”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Bark Ca concentration generally rose with age.
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in bark Ca concentrations”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization increased three-year biomass yield 1.5–2.7 times versus controls.
- Treatment
- N-fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- three-year biomass yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.5–2.7 timese0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N-fertilization increased the three-year biomass yield 1.5–2.7 times when compared to control plots”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilization raised yield only in fields with the lowest substrate phosphorus.
- Treatment
- P-fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lowest phosphorus concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P-fertilization increased the yield only in those experimental fields whose substrates had the lowest phosphorus concentration”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilization did not increase yield in any field.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K-fertilization did not increase the yield in any of the experimental fields”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum total NPK-fertilized willow biomass after three seasons was 23 t ha–1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest total biomass yield of NPK-fertilized willow after three growing seasons, 23 t ha–1”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
At maximum yield biomass was allocated 42% wood, 19% bark and 17% foliage.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wood 42%, bark 19%, foliage 17%, stumps 6% and roots 16%”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
At maximum yield bark comprised 19% of biomass.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wood 42%, bark 19%, foliage 17%, stumps 6% and roots 16%”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
At maximum yield foliage comprised 17% of biomass.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wood 42%, bark 19%, foliage 17%, stumps 6% and roots 16%”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
At maximum yield stumps comprised 6% of biomass.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wood 42%, bark 19%, foliage 17%, stumps 6% and roots 16%”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
At maximum yield roots comprised 16% of biomass.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wood 42%, bark 19%, foliage 17%, stumps 6% and roots 16%”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
More biomass was allocated to above-ground wood as yield and stand age increased.
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the yield and stand age increased, more of the biomass was allocated in above-ground wood”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year-old stands contained 196 kg N ha–1, 26 kg P ha–1 and 101 kg K ha–1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“196 kg N ha–1, 26 kg P ha–1, 101 kg K ha–1, 74 kg Ca ha–1 and 37 kg Mg ha–1”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year-old stands contained 26 kg P ha–1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“196 kg N ha–1, 26 kg P ha–1, 101 kg K ha–1, 74 kg Ca ha–1 and 37 kg Mg ha–1”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year-old stands contained 101 kg K ha–1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“196 kg N ha–1, 26 kg P ha–1, 101 kg K ha–1, 74 kg Ca ha–1 and 37 kg Mg ha–1”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year-old stands contained 74 kg Ca ha–1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“196 kg N ha–1, 26 kg P ha–1, 101 kg K ha–1, 74 kg Ca ha–1 and 37 kg Mg ha–1”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year-old stands contained 37 kg Mg ha–1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“196 kg N ha–1, 26 kg P ha–1, 101 kg K ha–1, 74 kg Ca ha–1 and 37 kg Mg ha–1”
t0“willow”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliage accumulated the highest proportion of nutrients.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By far the highest proportion of nutrients accumulated in the foliage”
t0“willow”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Salix (willows)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
fertilization · nutrient: content · Salix (willows)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: content · Salix (willows)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.