Abstract
Sweetpotato whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) (SPWF) is a major pest throughout the southern USA. It is associated with the economically important disorders tomato irregular ripening (TIR) and squash silver leaf (SSL). Two possible components of SPWF management are the insecticide endosulfan (6,7,8,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,5,5a,6,9,9a‐hexahyde‐6,9‐methano‐2,4,3‐benzodioxathiepin 3‐oxide) and aluminum reflective mulch. This study was conducted to determine the effect of these control procedures, separately or in combination, on SPWF populations, the TIR and SSL disorders, fruit quality, and fruit yield of tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and zucchini squash ( Cucurbita pepo L.). These parameters were evaluated in field plots during both the spring and fall of 1990. Tomato fruit yield increased (13 000 to 39 000 lb/acre), culls decreased (45 to 7%), and the percentage of TIR fruit decreased (52 to 22%) in the spring experiment as a result of endosulfan spray applications. Endosulfan sprays had no detectable effect on tomato fruit quality or yield in the fall experiment, and aluminum reflective mulch had no effect during either season. Zucchini squash yields were not affected by aluminum reflective mulch or weekly endosulfan spray applications in either experiment. Endosulfan reduced the percentage of plants with symptoms of squash SSL from 54 to 22% in the spring experiment. No SSL occurred in the fall planting. The increase in SPWF population in the squash and tomato plots was not affected by the aluminum reflective mulch or endosulfan sprays during either season. Our data suggest that environmental or physiological factors in combination with SPWF influence the incidence of SSL on squash and TIR on tomatoes. Research Question Sweetpotato whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) can cause damage on squash ( Cucurbita pepo L.) and tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by both direct feeding and the viruses it transmits. This study compares the influence of endosulfan (6,7,8,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,5,5a,6,9,9a‐hexahyde‐6,9‐methano‐2,4,3‐benzodioxathiepin 3‐oxide) sprays and reflective aluminum mulch on whitefly populations and the whitefly‐induced disorders squash silver leaf and tomato irregular ripening. Literature Summary Several insecticides, including endosulfan, are known to reduce sweetpotato whitefly populations. Various colored mulches, including aluminum, also have been shown to reduce whitefly populations. Study Description Tomatoes and zucchini squash were grown in the field in the spring and fall of 1990 in Ft. Pierce, FL. Each of the plantings was divided into plots, which were treated with a weekly spray application of endosulfan, aluminum reflective mulch, both endosulfan and aluminum mulch, or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch. Sweetpotato whitefly populations, the incidence of tomato irregular ripening and squash silver leaf, and tomato and squash yields were monitored throughout the growing season. Applied Question Do endosulfan sprays and/or aluminum reflective mulch influence tomato or squash yields, tomato irregular ripening or squash silver leaf, or sweetpotato whitefly populations? Tomato yields were significantly increased in plots with weekly applications of endosulfan in the spring experiment, but not the fall experiment. The percentage of tomato irregular ripening also was reduced significantly by the endosulfan spray treatments in the spring experiment. Marketable squash yields were not affected by any of the treatments. In the spring experiment, however, weekly endosulfan spray applications reduced squash silver leaf symptoms. There were no significant differences in the mean weekly adult sweetpotato whitefly populations for any of the treatments in either the spring or fall experiments. In addition, aluminum painted mulch had no effect on tomato or squash yields, fruit quality, sweetpotato whitefly induced diseases, or adult sweetpotato whitefly populations. Influence of endosulfan sprays and aluminum reflective mulch on tomato and squash yields, tomato irregular ripening and squash silver leaf, and sweetpotato whitefly populations. Tomatoes Squash Spring Fall Spring Fall Treatment Yield TIR SPWF Yield TIR SPWF Yield SSL SPWF Yield SSL SPWF Endosulfan + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ NA ‐ Reflective mulch ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ NA ‐ Endosulfan plus + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ NA ‐ reflective mulch A plus sign indicates that the yield or incidence was significantly greater (P = 0.05%) than that of the untreated control. A minus sign indicates the yield or incidence was not significantly greater. NA indicates no squash silver leaf was present in the plots. Yield was measured in both number and weight of marketable fruit per acre.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan spray applications increased spring tomato fruit yield by 13 000 to 39 000 lb/acre.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- endosulfan spray applicationse2
- Outcome
- fruit yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 13 000 to 39 000 lb/acree1
- Comparator
- neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulche4
- Setting
- Ft. Pierce, FLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Tomato fruit yield increased (13 000 to 39 000 lb/acre)”
e2“in the spring experiment as a result of endosulfan spray applications”
e3“Tomatoes and zucchini squash were grown in the field in the spring and fall of 1990 in Ft. Pierce, FL”
e4“or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch”
e5“Tomato yields were significantly increased in plots with weekly applications of endosulfan in the spring experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan spray applications decreased culls in spring tomato by 45 to 7%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- endosulfan spray applicationse2
- Outcome
- cullse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 45 to 7%e5
- Comparator
- neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulche4
- Setting
- Ft. Pierce, FLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Tomato fruit yield increased (13 000 to 39 000 lb/acre)”
e2“in the spring experiment as a result of endosulfan spray applications”
e3“Tomatoes and zucchini squash were grown in the field in the spring and fall of 1990 in Ft. Pierce, FL”
e4“or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch”
e5“culls decreased (45 to 7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan spray applications decreased the percentage of tomato irregular ripening fruit from 52 to 22% in spring.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- endosulfan spray applicationse2
- Interactor
- Sweetpotato whitefly
Bemisia tabacie6pest - Outcome
- percentage of TIR fruite5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 52 to 22%e5
- Comparator
- neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulche4
- Setting
- Ft. Pierce, FLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Tomato fruit yield increased (13 000 to 39 000 lb/acre)”
e2“in the spring experiment as a result of endosulfan spray applications”
e3“Tomatoes and zucchini squash were grown in the field in the spring and fall of 1990 in Ft. Pierce, FL”
e4“or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch”
e6“Sweetpotato whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) (SPWF) is a major pest throughout the southern USA”
e5“the percentage of TIR fruit decreased (52 to 22%)”
e7“It is associated with the economically important disorders tomato irregular ripening (TIR) and squash silver leaf (SSL)”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan reduced the percentage of plants with squash silver leaf symptoms from 54 to 22% in spring.
- Taxon
- squashe7
- Treatment
- Endosulfane7
- Interactor
- Sweetpotato whiteflyBemisia tabacie6pest
- Outcome
- percentage of plants with symptoms of squash SSLe7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- from 54 to 22%e7
- Comparator
- neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulche4
- Setting
- Ft. Pierce, FLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Tomatoes and zucchini squash were grown in the field in the spring and fall of 1990 in Ft. Pierce, FL”
e4“or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch”
e6“Sweetpotato whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) (SPWF) is a major pest throughout the southern USA”
e7“Endosulfan reduced the percentage of plants with symptoms of squash SSL from 54 to 22% in the spring experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
No squash silver leaf occurred in the fall planting.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e6“Endosulfan reduced the percentage of plants with symptoms of squash SSL from 54 to 22% in the spring experiment”
e7“No SSL occurred in the fall planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan sprays had no detectable effect on tomato fruit quality or yield in the fall experiment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- Endosulfan sprayse5
- Outcome
- tomato fruit quality or yielde5
- Direction
- no detectable effecte5
- Comparator
- neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulche4
- Setting
- fall experimente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch”
e5“Endosulfan sprays had no detectable effect on tomato fruit quality or yield in the fall experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum painted mulch had no effect on tomato or squash yields.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- aluminum painted mulche5
- Outcome
- tomato or squash yieldse5
- Direction
- no effecte5
- Comparator
- neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulche4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch”
e5“aluminum painted mulch had no effect on tomato or squash yields, fruit quality, sweetpotato whitefly induced diseases, or adult sweetpotato whitefly populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum painted mulch had no effect on fruit quality or sweetpotato whitefly induced diseases.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- aluminum painted mulche5
- Interactor
- sweetpotato whiteflyBemisia tabacie5pest
- Outcome
- fruit quality, sweetpotato whitefly induced diseasese5
- Direction
- no effecte5
- Comparator
- neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulche4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“or neither endosulfan nor aluminum mulch”
e5“aluminum painted mulch had no effect on tomato or squash yields, fruit quality, sweetpotato whitefly induced diseases, or adult sweetpotato whitefly populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Sweetpotato whitefly population increase was not affected by aluminum reflective mulch or endosulfan sprays.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- aluminum reflective mulch or endosulfan sprayse5
- Interactor
- SPWFe5pest
- Outcome
- increase in SPWF populatione5
- Direction
- not affectede5
- Qualifier
- during either seasone5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The increase in SPWF population in the squash and tomato plots was not affected by the aluminum reflective mulch or endosulfan sprays during either season”
e6“There were no significant differences in the mean weekly adult sweetpotato whitefly populations for any of the treatments in either the spring or fall experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Zucchini squash yields were not affected by aluminum reflective mulch or weekly endosulfan spray applications.
- Taxon
- Zucchini squashe5
- Treatment
- aluminum reflective mulch or weekly endosulfan spray applicationse5
- Outcome
- squash yieldse5
- Direction
- not affectede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Zucchini squash yields were not affected by aluminum reflective mulch or weekly endosulfan spray applications in either experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental or physiological factors in combination with the whitefly may influence the incidence of squash silver leaf.
Verbatim
e5“Our data suggest that environmental or physiological factors in combination with SPWF influence the incidence of SSL on squash and TIR on tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental or physiological factors in combination with the whitefly may influence tomato irregular ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume5
- Interactor
- SPWFe5pest
- Outcome
- TIR on tomatoese5
- Qualifier
- environmental or physiological factors in combination with SPWFe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Our data suggest that environmental or physiological factors in combination with SPWF influence the incidence of SSL on squash and TIR on tomatoes”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
aluminium atom · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
endosulfan · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →endosulfan · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →mulching · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →application · Bemisia tabaci · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →application · quality: grain · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 24 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →application · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 34 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
39 papers more in this group
See all 43 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.