Abstract
Fertilization,an important resource of plant nutrient,has been found to affect the development and reproduction of herbivores and their ability to damage plants.The influences of amino acid foliar fertilizer,phytonutrient and branched-chain amino acids on the growth and nutritional status of tomato and then on the development,survival and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci were studied in the laboratory under condition of(25±1) ℃;L∶D = 14 h∶10 h;and 70%~80% RH.Nymph size and fecundity of B.tabaci were also observed and the potential of amino acid foliar fertilizer application in practice was discussed.Compared with the control,amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth which was evident in increased plant height,leaf stentering and leaf area.Phytonutrient also promoted plant growth but to a lesser degree than amino acid fertilizer.Except for nitrogen and sugar,minerals and nutrient contents in tomato leaves varied with fertilizers treatments.The concentrations of phosphorus,protein and free amino acid in tomato leaves were positively correlated with several tomato growth parameters,including plant height,leaf stentering,and leaf area.Negative correlation was observed between potassium and these parameters.Chlorophyll and water contents in tomato leaves showed minimal differences among treatments.The developmental duration of B.tabaci was longest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer(22.95 d),followed by those treated with phytonutrient(22.83 d),and was shortest on control treatments(21.78 d).B.tabaci survival rate changed little under different foliar fertilizers applications.The body size of B.tabaci 1st instar nymph was larger on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids than on others,especially the control.As nymph developed,however,the 4th instar B.tabaci grew largest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer.The smallest nymph was also observed on the control group.The longevity of B.tabaci female adults was longest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids(26.64 d) and shortest on those treated with phytonutrient(16.92 d),and the difference between the two treatments was significant.Fecundity was highest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids(190.55 eggs),which was significantly higher than the lowest value(119.91 eggs) on the control.The highest intrinsic rate of increase(rm) of B.tabaci was on tomatoes treated with phytonutrient(0.474 9).However,it did not significantly increase on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer(0.406 4) compared with the control(0.405 4).Fertilizer possibly improved crop growth and provided nutrition to herbivores.The balance between production increases brought about by fertilization and offset losses caused by insect infestation was a critical field yield factor.In this study,amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth,which caused increased B.tabaci feeding and oviposition.It,however,delayed B.tabaci developmental duration and did not necessarily increase the longevity and fecundity of B.tabaci female adults on tomatoes treated with the fertilizer.Amino acid foliar fertilizer did not enhance the intrinsic rate of increase of B.tabaci,namely did not facilitate B.tabaci population growth.This offset the effects of improved nutritional conditions in tomato and B.tabaci interaction.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth compared with the control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- amino acid foliar fertilizere1
- Outcome
- tomato growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with the control,amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth which was evident in increased plant height,leaf stentering and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytonutrient promoted tomato growth less than amino acid foliar fertilizer.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Phytonutriente2
- Outcome
- plant growthe2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Qualifier
- to a lesser degreee2
- Comparator
- amino acid fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with the control,amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth which was evident in increased plant height,leaf stentering and leaf area”
e2“Phytonutrient also promoted plant growth but to a lesser degree than amino acid fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus, protein and free amino acid concentrations in tomato leaves were positively correlated with tomato growth parameters.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Compound
- phosphoruse3
- Outcome
- tomato growth parameterse3
- Direction
- positively correlatede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The concentrations of phosphorus,protein and free amino acid in tomato leaves were positively correlated with several tomato growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium in tomato leaves was negatively correlated with tomato growth parameters.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Compound
- potassiume4
- Outcome
- tomato growth parameterse3
- Direction
- Negative correlatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The concentrations of phosphorus,protein and free amino acid in tomato leaves were positively correlated with several tomato growth parameters”
e4“Negative correlation was observed between potassium and these parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll and water contents in tomato leaves showed minimal differences among fertilizer treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll and water contentse5
- Qualifier
- minimal differences among treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Chlorophyll and water contents in tomato leaves showed minimal differences among treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
B. tabaci developmental duration was longest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer (22.95 d) and shortest on control (21.78 d).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- amino acid foliar fertilizere6
- Interactor
- B.tabaci
Bemisia tabacie6pest - Outcome
- developmental duration of B.tabacie6
- Direction
- longeste6
- Value
- 22.95 de6
- Comparator
- control treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The developmental duration of B.tabaci was longest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer(22.95 d),followed by those treated with phytonutrient(22.83 d),and was shortest on control treatments(21.78 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. tabaci female adult longevity was longest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids and shortest on phytonutrient.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- branched-chain amino acidse7
- Interactor
- B.tabaciBemisia tabacie7pest
- Outcome
- longevity of B.tabaci female adultse7
- Direction
- longeste7
- Value
- 26.64 de7
- Comparator
- phytonutriente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The longevity of B.tabaci female adults was longest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids(26.64 d) and shortest on those treated with phytonutrient(16.92 d),and the difference between the two treatments was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
B. tabaci fecundity was highest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids, significantly higher than on control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- branched-chain amino acidse0
- Outcome
- Fecunditye0
- Direction
- significantly highere0
- Value
- 190.55 eggse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fecundity was highest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids(190.55 eggs),which was significantly higher than the lowest value(119.91 eggs) on the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest intrinsic rate of increase of B. tabaci was on tomatoes treated with phytonutrient.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- phytonutriente0
- Interactor
- B.tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- intrinsic rate of increase(rm) of B.tabacie0
- Value
- 0.474 9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest intrinsic rate of increase(rm) of B.tabaci was on tomatoes treated with phytonutrient(0.474 9)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid foliar fertilizer did not significantly increase the intrinsic rate of increase of B. tabaci compared with control.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- amino acid foliar fertilizere1
- Interactor
- B.tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- intrinsic ratee0
- Direction
- did not significantly increasee1
- Value
- 0.406 4e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest intrinsic rate of increase(rm) of B.tabaci was on tomatoes treated with phytonutrient(0.474 9)”
e1“However,it did not significantly increase on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer(0.406 4) compared with the control(0.405 4)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. tabaci 1st instar nymphs were larger on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids than on the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- branched-chain amino acidse0
- Interactor
- B.tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- body size of B.tabaci 1st instar nymphe0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The body size of B.tabaci 1st instar nymph was larger on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids than on others,especially the control”
Claim · model-written summary
B. tabaci 4th instar grew largest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- amino acid foliar fertilizere0
- Interactor
- B.tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- the 4th instar B.tabaci grewe0
- Direction
- largeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 4th instar B.tabaci grew largest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid foliar fertilizer promoted tomato growth, which caused increased B. tabaci feeding and oviposition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- amino acid foliar fertilizere0
- Interactor
- B.tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- B.tabaci feeding and ovipositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study,amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth,which caused increased B.tabaci feeding and oviposition”
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