Abstract
Cropping systems with less reliance on external inputs could improve agricultural sustainability if they can produce high and stable crop yields over time. A 16‐yr experiment was conducted in southwestern Minnesota to evaluate the effects of zero external input (ZEI), low external input (LEI), high external input (HEI), and organic input (OI) systems on crop yield and yield stability in a 2‐yr soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and a 4‐yr oat ( Avena sativa L.)/alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)–alfalfa–corn–soybean rotation. Oat yield was stable and highest with the LEI, HEI, and OI systems. Alfalfa yield was highest with the LEI, HEI, and OI systems in the first 8 yr and the OI system in the last 8 yr. Corn grain yield was 0, 13, 26, and 40% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation in the HEI, LEI, OI, and ZEI systems, respectively, and was greatest with the HEI system in the 2‐yr rotation and the LEI, HEI, and OI systems in the 4‐yr rotation. Soybean yield was 7% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation and was among the highest with the LEI and HEI systems. Stable corn and soybean yields occurred with the LEI and OI systems, while above‐average yield increases under favorable growing conditions occurred with the LEI and HEI systems in alfalfa and the HEI system in corn. These results demonstrate the value of extended crop rotations for corn and soybean, and that high crop yields can be obtained with reduced‐input systems.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Oat yield was stable and highest with the LEI, HEI and OI systems in southwestern Minnesota.
- Taxon
- Oat
Avena sativae1 - Treatment
- LEI, HEI, and OI systemse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- stablee1
- Setting
- southwestern Minnesotae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in southwestern Minnesota”
e1“Oat yield was stable and highest with the LEI, HEI, and OI systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa yield was highest with the LEI, HEI and OI systems in the first 8 years.
- Taxon
- Alfalfa
Medicago sativae2 - Treatment
- LEI, HEI, and OI systemse2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Qualifier
- in the first 8 yre2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Alfalfa yield was highest with the LEI, HEI, and OI systems in the first 8 yr and the OI system in the last 8 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa yield was highest with the OI system in the last 8 years.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae2
- Treatment
- OI systeme2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Qualifier
- in the last 8 yre2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Alfalfa yield was highest with the LEI, HEI, and OI systems in the first 8 yr and the OI system in the last 8 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was 0% greater with the 4-year rotation than the 2-year rotation in the HEI system.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse3 - Treatment
- 4‐yr rotatione3
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 0e3
- Qualifier
- HEIe3
- Comparator
- 2‐yr rotatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn grain yield was 0, 13, 26, and 40% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation in the HEI, LEI, OI, and ZEI systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was 13% greater with the 4-year rotation than the 2-year rotation in the LEI system.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- 4‐yr rotatione3
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 13e3
- Qualifier
- LEIe3
- Comparator
- 2‐yr rotatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn grain yield was 0, 13, 26, and 40% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation in the HEI, LEI, OI, and ZEI systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was 26% greater with the 4-year rotation than the 2-year rotation in the OI system.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- 4‐yr rotatione3
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 26e3
- Qualifier
- OIe3
- Comparator
- 2‐yr rotatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn grain yield was 0, 13, 26, and 40% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation in the HEI, LEI, OI, and ZEI systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was 40% greater with the 4-year rotation than the 2-year rotation in the ZEI system.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- 4‐yr rotatione3
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 40%e3
- Qualifier
- ZEIe3
- Comparator
- 2‐yr rotatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn grain yield was 0, 13, 26, and 40% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation in the HEI, LEI, OI, and ZEI systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was greatest with the HEI system in the 2-year rotation.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- HEI systeme5
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde3
- Direction
- greateste5
- Qualifier
- 2‐yr rotatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn grain yield was 0, 13, 26, and 40% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation in the HEI, LEI, OI, and ZEI systems, respectively”
e5“and was greatest with the HEI system in the 2‐yr rotation and the LEI, HEI, and OI systems in the 4‐yr rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was greatest with the LEI, HEI and OI systems in the 4-year rotation.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- LEI, HEI, and OI systemse5
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde3
- Direction
- greateste5
- Qualifier
- 4‐yr rotatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Corn grain yield was 0, 13, 26, and 40% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation in the HEI, LEI, OI, and ZEI systems, respectively”
e5“and was greatest with the HEI system in the 2‐yr rotation and the LEI, HEI, and OI systems in the 4‐yr rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield was 7% greater with the 4-year rotation than the 2-year rotation.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe6 - Treatment
- 4‐yr rotatione6
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Value
- 7%e6
- Comparator
- 2‐yr rotatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Soybean yield was 7% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield was among the highest with the LEI and HEI systems.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- LEI and HEI systemse7
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- among the higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Soybean yield was 7% greater with the 4‐yr rotation than the 2‐yr rotation”
e7“was among the highest with the LEI and HEI systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Stable corn and soybean yields occurred with the LEI and OI systems.
- Taxon
- corn and soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- LEI and OI systemse1
- Outcome
- Stable corn and soybean yieldse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Stable corn and soybean yields occurred with the LEI and OI systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increases under favorable growing conditions occurred with the LEI and HEI systems in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- LEI and HEI systemse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Qualifier
- under favorable growing conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield increases under favorable growing conditions occurred with the LEI and HEI systems in alfalfa and the HEI system in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increases under favorable growing conditions occurred with the HEI system in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- HEI systeme1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Qualifier
- under favorable growing conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield increases under favorable growing conditions occurred with the LEI and HEI systems in alfalfa and the HEI system in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Extended crop rotations are valuable for corn and soybean.
- Taxon
- corn and soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- extended crop rotationse1
- Outcome
- value of extended crop rotationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These results demonstrate the value of extended crop rotations for corn and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High crop yields can be obtained with reduced-input systems.
Verbatim
e1“high crop yields can be obtained with reduced‐input systems”
The same questions in other papers
organic · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
64 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
72 papers more in this group
See all 76 papers →organic · yield · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →rotation · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
106 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
140 papers more in this group
See all 144 papers →rotation · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
253 papers in the same direction as this paper · 52 in the opposite direction · 16 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
318 papers more in this group
See all 322 papers →organic · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
329 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
369 papers more in this group
See all 373 papers →organic · yield · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.