Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during 2007-09 at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi, India; to study the effects of dual-purpose summer legumes and zinc fertilization in aromatic hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)– wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The higher system productivity, N and Zn uptake, nutrient-use efficiencies, net return and B:C ratio were recorded in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] or mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) residue incorporated plots. The N balance was negative (-) in all treatments but it was least negative (-) in cowpea among summer treatments followed by mungbean. The highest N and Zn uptake, system productivity in terms of grain yield, i.e. 12.32 and 12.71 tonnes/ha was observed with application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O). Among the Zn fertilization treatments the lowest negative (-) balance of N was recorded with control (only N), i.e. -36.92 kg/ha in 2007-08 however in 2008-09 it was recorded with coating material coated urea, i.e. -39.54 kg N/ha over rest of the Zn treatments. The application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO) gave the highest (2 696 and 2 601 g/ha during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively) positive Zn balance under rice-wheat cropping system. Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery and physiological efficiency of applied N and Zn in rice-wheat cropping system were increased with Zn-enriched urea. The agronomic efficiency of N with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) increased by 49.7% and the N recovery efficiency in grain increased up to 57.6% over normal practice of prilled urea application. With the application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) the agronomic efficiency of Zn increased in the range of 54 to 160% while Zn apparent recovery (%) in grain increased from 70 to 318% over 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO), respectively. The dual-purpose summer legume incorporation in rice-wheat system gave higher net returns by 29 to 34% in 2007-08 and 42 to 45% during 2008-09 over summer fallow with B:C ratio up to 3.01. The application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) gave the highest B:C ratio of 3.02 and increased net returns of aromatic-hybrid rice-wheat system by 11.6 to 12.2% over prilled urea application.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea or mungbean residue incorporation increased system productivity, N and Zn uptake and nutrient-use efficiencies.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] or mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) residue incorporatede1
- Outcome
- system productivity, N and Zn uptake, nutrient-use efficienciese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- research farm of IARI, New Delhi, Indiae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“The higher system productivity, N and Zn uptake, nutrient-use efficiencies, net return and B:C ratio were recorded in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] or mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) residue incorporated plots”
e2“A field experiment was conducted during 2007-09 at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi, India”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual-purpose summer legume incorporation increased net returns over summer fallow.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- dual-purpose summer legume incorporatione3
- Outcome
- net returnse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 29 to 34% in 2007-08 and 42 to 45% during 2008-09e3
- Comparator
- summer fallowe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e3“The dual-purpose summer legume incorporation in rice-wheat system gave higher net returns by 29 to 34% in 2007-08 and 42 to 45% during 2008-09 over summer fallow with B:C ratio up to 3.01”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual-purpose summer legume incorporation gave a B:C ratio up to 3.01 over summer fallow.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- dual-purpose summer legume incorporatione3
- Outcome
- B:C ratioe3
- Direction
- up toe3
- Value
- 3.01e3
- Comparator
- summer fallowe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e3“The dual-purpose summer legume incorporation in rice-wheat system gave higher net returns by 29 to 34% in 2007-08 and 42 to 45% during 2008-09 over summer fallow with B:C ratio up to 3.01”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2.0% ZEU application gave the highest system grain yield, 12.32 and 12.71 tonnes/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)e4
- Outcome
- system productivity in terms of grain yielde4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 12.32 and 12.71 tonnes/hae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e4“The highest N and Zn uptake, system productivity in terms of grain yield, i.e. 12.32 and 12.71 tonnes/ha was observed with application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2.0% ZEU application gave the highest B:C ratio, 3.02.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)e5
- Outcome
- B:C ratioe5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 3.02e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e5“The application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) gave the highest B:C ratio of 3.02 and increased net returns of aromatic-hybrid rice-wheat system by 11.6 to 12.2% over prilled urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2.0% ZEU application increased net returns of the rice-wheat system by 11.6 to 12.2% over prilled urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)e5
- Outcome
- net returnse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 11.6 to 12.2%e5
- Comparator
- prilled ureae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e5“The application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) gave the highest B:C ratio of 3.02 and increased net returns of aromatic-hybrid rice-wheat system by 11.6 to 12.2% over prilled urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
The N balance was negative in all treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- N balancee6
- Qualifier
- in all treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e6“The N balance was negative (-) in all treatments but it was least negative (-) in cowpea among summer treatments followed by mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea residue gave the least negative N balance among the summer treatments, followed by mungbean.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cowpeae6
- Outcome
- N balancee6
- Direction
- least negativee6
- Comparator
- mungbeane6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e6“The N balance was negative (-) in all treatments but it was least negative (-) in cowpea among summer treatments followed by mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
The 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO) application gave the highest positive Zn balance, 2 696 and 2 601 g/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO)e7
- Outcome
- positive Zn balancee7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 2 696 and 2 601 g/hae7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e7“The application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO) gave the highest (2 696 and 2 601 g/ha during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively) positive Zn balance under rice-wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-enriched urea increased partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of applied N and Zn.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Zn-enriched ureae1
- Outcome
- Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, apparent recoverye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery and physiological efficiency of applied N and Zn in rice-wheat cropping system were increased with Zn-enriched urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-enriched urea increased physiological efficiency of applied N and Zn.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Zn-enriched ureae1
- Outcome
- physiological efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery and physiological efficiency of applied N and Zn in rice-wheat cropping system were increased with Zn-enriched urea”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% ZEU increased the agronomic efficiency of N by 49.7% over prilled urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)e1
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of Ne1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 49.7%e1
- Comparator
- prilled ureae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“The agronomic efficiency of N with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) increased by 49.7% and the N recovery efficiency in grain increased up to 57.6% over normal practice of prilled urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% ZEU increased the N recovery efficiency in grain up to 57.6% over prilled urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)e1
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiency in graine1
- Direction
- increased up toe1
- Value
- 57.6%e1
- Comparator
- prilled ureae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“The agronomic efficiency of N with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) increased by 49.7% and the N recovery efficiency in grain increased up to 57.6% over normal practice of prilled urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% ZEU increased the agronomic efficiency of Zn by 54 to 160%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)e1
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of Zne1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 54 to 160%e1
- Comparator
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“With the application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) the agronomic efficiency of Zn increased in the range of 54 to 160% while Zn apparent recovery (%) in grain increased from 70 to 318% over 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% ZEU increased Zn apparent recovery in grain by 70 to 318%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O)e1
- Outcome
- Zn apparent recovery (%) in graine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 70 to 318%e1
- Comparator
- 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“With the application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) the agronomic efficiency of Zn increased in the range of 54 to 160% while Zn apparent recovery (%) in grain increased from 70 to 318% over 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The control with only N had the lowest negative N balance among the Zn treatments in 2007-08, -36.92 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- balance of Ne1
- Value
- -36.92 kg/hae1
- Qualifier
- control (only N)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Among the Zn fertilization treatments the lowest negative (-) balance of N was recorded with control (only N), i.e. -36.92 kg/ha in 2007-08”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2008-09 the coated urea treatment had the lowest negative N balance among the Zn treatments, -39.54 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- balance of Ne1
- Value
- -39.54 kg N/hae2
- Qualifier
- coating material coated ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Among the Zn fertilization treatments the lowest negative (-) balance of N was recorded with control (only N), i.e. -36.92 kg/ha in 2007-08”
e2“in 2008-09 it was recorded with coating material coated urea, i.e. -39.54 kg N/ha”
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