Abstract
Ozone in the troposphere can cause plant stress, whereas elevated CO 2 generally causes positive responses. Little is known of how these gases interact to affect plant response. Interactive effects on yield and seed quality of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown in 14‐L pots were measured in open‐top field chambers. Essex was tested in 1993, and Essex, Holladay, and NK 6955 were tested in 1994. Plants were exposed from emergence to maturity to four CO 2 levels (ambient and 1.3,1.6, and 2.0 times ambient) and three O 3 levels (0.4, 0.9, and 1.5 times ambient) in 12 combinations. Increasing O 3 suppressed growth and yield, whereas CO 2 enrichment stimulated growth and yield. Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulation was greater for plants stressed by O 3 than for non stressed plants. For example, CO 2 at 2.0 times ambient increased 2‐yr mean seed yield of Essex by 16, 24, and 81% at O 2 levels of 0.4, 0.9, and 1.5 times ambient, respectively. Effects of O 3 and CO 2 on seed oil content were variable with numerous cultivar differences. Seed protein content was never affected. Elevated O 3 suppressed oleic acid content in seeds, whereas CO 2 increased it; the nature of the O 3 × CO 2 interaction for oleic acid was similar to that observed for most yield measures. Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulation of plants stressed by O 3 was apparently caused partly by amelioration of O 3 stress. Interactions between O 3 and CO 2 must be considered for proper interpretation of cause‐effect relationships in CO 2 , enrichment studies.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ozone suppressed soybean growth.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Increasing O 3e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing O 3 suppressed growth and yield, whereas CO 2 enrichment stimulated growth and yield.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ozone suppressed soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Increasing O 3e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing O 3 suppressed growth and yield, whereas CO 2 enrichment stimulated growth and yield.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment stimulated soybean growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 enrichment stimulated growth and yield.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment stimulated soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 enrichment stimulated growth and yield.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide stimulation was greater in ozone-stressed than nonstressed soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- O 3e0
- Outcome
- Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- non stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulation was greater for plants stressed by O 3 than for non stressed plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.4 times ambient O 3, CO 2 at twice ambient increased two-year mean Essex seed yield by 16%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Essexe0
- Treatment
- CO 2 at 2.0 times ambiente0
- Outcome
- 2‐yr mean seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16e0
- Qualifier
- 0.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 at 2.0 times ambient increased 2‐yr mean seed yield of Essex by 16, 24, and 81% at O 2 levels of 0.4, 0.9, and 1.5 times ambient, respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.9 times ambient O 3, CO 2 at twice ambient increased two-year mean Essex seed yield by 24%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Essexe0
- Treatment
- CO 2 at 2.0 times ambiente0
- Outcome
- 2‐yr mean seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24e0
- Qualifier
- 0.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 at 2.0 times ambient increased 2‐yr mean seed yield of Essex by 16, 24, and 81% at O 2 levels of 0.4, 0.9, and 1.5 times ambient, respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.5 times ambient O 3, CO 2 at twice ambient increased two-year mean Essex seed yield by 81%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Essexe0
- Treatment
- CO 2 at 2.0 times ambiente0
- Outcome
- 2‐yr mean seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 81%e0
- Qualifier
- 1.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 at 2.0 times ambient increased 2‐yr mean seed yield of Essex by 16, 24, and 81% at O 2 levels of 0.4, 0.9, and 1.5 times ambient, respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone and carbon dioxide effects on soybean seed oil content varied among cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- O 3 and CO 2e0
- Outcome
- seed oil contente0
- Qualifier
- numerous cultivar differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effects of O 3 and CO 2 on seed oil content were variable with numerous cultivar differences.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed protein content was unaffected across the exposures.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Seed protein contente0
- Direction
- never affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed protein content was never affected.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone suppressed soybean seed oleic acid content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Elevated O 3e0
- Outcome
- oleic acid content in seedse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O 3 suppressed oleic acid content in seeds, whereas CO 2 increased it”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide increased soybean seed oleic acid content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Outcome
- oleic acid content in seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated O 3 suppressed oleic acid content in seeds, whereas CO 2 increased it”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The ozone by carbon dioxide interaction for oleic acid resembled that for most yield measures.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- O 3 × CO 2 interaction for oleic acide0
- Comparator
- most yield measurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nature of the O 3 × CO 2 interaction for oleic acid was similar to that observed for most yield measures.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed part of the carbon dioxide stimulation under ozone stress to amelioration of ozone stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- O 3e0
- Outcome
- Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulatione0
- Qualifier
- amelioration of O 3 stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulation of plants stressed by O 3 was apparently caused partly by amelioration of O 3 stress.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend considering ozone and carbon dioxide interactions when interpreting carbon dioxide enrichment studies.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Interactions between O 3 and CO 2 must be considerede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interactions between O 3 and CO 2 must be considered for proper interpretation of cause‐effect relationships in CO 2 , enrichment studies.”
t0“Soybean”
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See all 101 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.