Abstract
Abstract Vegetation management is considered a major limiting factor in the production of no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) in mixed species perennial sod. Timing and the degree of sod control may influence corn growth and yield under these conditions. Field research was conducted at Arlington, WI, from 1983 to 1985 to evaluate the control of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers), perennial grass [Smooth bromegrass ( Bromus inermis Leyss) and orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.)], and annual weeds in corn planted no‐till into sod, and to evaluate the effects of sod control methods on corn development and yield. Herbicide treatments included fall‐applied glyphosate [ N ‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine], atrazine [6‐chloro‐ N ‐ethyl‐ N ′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] plus paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion), dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid), 2,4‐D [diethanolamine salt of (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and dicamba plus 2,4‐D; early preplant atrazine; preplant dicamba, 2,4‐D; and dicamba plus 2,4‐D and preemergence glyphosate or paraquat applied simultaneously with atrazine or cyanazine {2‐[[4‐chloro‐6‐(ethylamino)‐l,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl]amino]‐2‐methylpropanenitrile}. All fall, early preplant, and preplant applications were followed by atrazine or cyanazine plus paraquat applied preemergence. Treatments containing fall‐applied glyphosate usually gave 85% or greater control of all sod species. Dicamba plus 2,4‐D was effective for alfalfa and dandelion control, but did not control perennial grasses. Dicamba or 2,4‐D alone was not as effective as the combination. Preplant and preemergence treatments were influenced by yearly conditions and did not give complete control of all sod species. Redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) was the major annual weed species both years and was effectively controlled by atrazine applied preemergence. Fall herbicide application resulted in up to 4°C higher soil temperatures than spring treatments during the first 14 d after planting, resulting in more rapid corn emergence. Corn plant density 20 d after planting was as much as 20 000 plants ha −1 greater following fall herbicide application than preemergence application. By 40 d after planting there was little difference in corn plant density. Herbicide treatments that resulted in higher soil temperatures and rapid emergence resulted in silk emergence 5 to 7 d earlier. Fall herbicide application, especially glyphosate and atrazine plus paraquat, resulted in the greatest corn grain yields. Reductions in grain yield were probably due to soil temperature depression, soil moisture depletion, and competition from uncontrolled sod. Vegetation management and corn growth and development in corn planted no‐till into sod was influenced by herbicide, time of application, and environment. Split herbicide treatments were necessary for complete vegetation control. Results of this research indicate that with proper herbicide selection and application timing, corn can be produced without tillage in mixed‐species perennial sod.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fall glyphosate usually controlled at least 85% of sod species.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- fall‐applied glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- control of all sod speciese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 85% or greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments containing fall‐applied glyphosate usually gave 85% or greater control of all sod species.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba plus 2,4-D controlled alfalfa and dandelion.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Dicamba plus 2,4‐De0
- Outcome
- alfalfa and dandelion controle0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba plus 2,4‐D was effective for alfalfa and dandelion control”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba plus 2,4-D did not control perennial grasses.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- perennial grassese0
- Direction
- did not controle0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but did not control perennial grasses.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba or 2,4-D alone was less effective than their combination.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Dicamba or 2,4‐D alonee0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- not as effectivee0
- Comparator
- the combinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba or 2,4‐D alone was not as effective as the combination.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant and preemergence treatments did not completely control all sod species.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Preplant and preemergence treatmentse0
- Outcome
- control of all sod speciese0
- Direction
- did not give complete controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preplant and preemergence treatments were influenced by yearly conditions and did not give complete control of all sod species.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence atrazine effectively controlled redroot pigweed.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- atrazine applied preemergencee0
- Interactor
- Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranthus retroflexuse0weed - Outcome
- Redroot pigweede0
- Direction
- effectively controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) was the major annual weed species both years and was effectively controlled by atrazine applied preemergence.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall herbicide application raised soil temperature by up to 4°C relative to spring treatments.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fall herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- up to 4°Ce0
- Comparator
- spring treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall herbicide application resulted in up to 4°C higher soil temperatures than spring treatments during the first 14 d after planting”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall herbicide application accelerated corn emergence.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- corn emergencee0
- Direction
- more rapide0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in more rapid corn emergence.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn density at 20 days was up to 20,000 plants per hectare greater after fall than preemergence herbicide application.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- fall herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- Corn plant density 20 d after plantinge0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 20 000 plants ha −1e0
- Comparator
- preemergence applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn plant density 20 d after planting was as much as 20 000 plants ha −1 greater following fall herbicide application than preemergence application.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
By 40 days, corn plant density differed little among applications.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- corn plant densitye0
- Direction
- little differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By 40 d after planting there was little difference in corn plant density.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments producing warmer soil and rapid emergence advanced silking by 5 to 7 days.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- silk emergencee0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 5 to 7 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide treatments that resulted in higher soil temperatures and rapid emergence resulted in silk emergence 5 to 7 d earlier.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall herbicide application, especially glyphosate and atrazine plus paraquat, gave the greatest corn grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Fall herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- corn grain yieldse0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall herbicide application, especially glyphosate and atrazine plus paraquat, resulted in the greatest corn grain yields.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed yield reductions to cooler soil, moisture depletion and uncontrolled sod competition.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Reductions in grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- soil temperature depression, soil moisture depletion, and competition from uncontrolled sode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in grain yield were probably due to soil temperature depression, soil moisture depletion, and competition from uncontrolled sod.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Split herbicide treatments were needed for complete vegetation control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Split herbicide treatments were necessary for complete vegetation controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Split herbicide treatments were necessary for complete vegetation control.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude corn can be grown without tillage in perennial sod with appropriate herbicides and timing.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- corn can be produced without tillage in mixed‐species perennial sode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with proper herbicide selection and application timing, corn can be produced without tillage in mixed‐species perennial sod.”
t0“Corn”
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