Abstract
Relationships among alpha-farnesene synthesis and oxidation, ethylene production and perception, antioxidative enzyme activities, and superficial scald development in fruit of three commercial apple cultivars were investigated at the biochemical and gene transcriptional levels. Scald-susceptible Cortland and Law Rome and scald-resistant Idared apples were untreated or treated with the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored for up to 25 weeks at 0.5 degrees C. Separate blushed (red) and unblushed (green) peel tissue samples were taken at harvest and after 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 25 weeks of storage. Large increases in peel tissue concentrations of alpha-farnesene and its conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation products occurred in untreated Cortland and Law Rome and were about 4-9-fold greater than those in Idared. In both Cortland and Law Rome, accumulation of CTols in green peel was nearly twice that in red peel. 1-MCP treatment delayed and attenuated alpha-farnesene and CTol accumulation in each cultivar. Activities of peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were lower in red peel than in green peel, with the exception of CAT in Law Rome, whereas no effects of 1-MCP on enzyme activities were detected except for Cortland. In control fruit, internal ethylene concentrations (IECs) increased during the first 4-6 weeks to reach highest levels in Cortland, intermediate levels in Law Rome, and low levels in Idared. In 1-MCP-treated fruit, IECs increased gradually to modest levels by 25 weeks in Cortland and Law Rome but were almost nil in Idared. Expression patterns of the alpha-farnesene synthase gene MdAFS1, the ethylene receptor gene MdERS1, and the ethylene biosynthetic genes MdACS1 and MdACO1 were generally in accord with the patterns of alpha-farnesene and ethylene production. In particular, MdAFS1 and MdACS1 showed similar patterns of expression in each cultivar. Among the controls, transcript levels increased more rapidly in Cortland and Law Rome than in Idared during the first few weeks of storage. In 1-MCP-treated fruit, transcript abundance in Cortland and Law Rome rose to untreated control levels after 10-15 weeks but remained low in Idared. Scald symptoms were restricted to unblushed skin, and the incidence in controls after 25 weeks was nearly 100% in Cortland and Law Rome compared with 1% in Idared. 1-MCP treatment reduced scald incidence to 14, 3, and 0% in Cortland, Law Rome, and Idared, respectively. Overall, the results support the proposed role of CTols in scald induction and indicate that alpha-farnesene synthesis is tightly regulated by ethylene. However, gene transcription alone does not account for the big differences in ethylene and alpha-farnesene production in Cortland, Law Rome, and Idared apples.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Cortland and Law Rome accumulated more alpha-farnesene and CTols than Idared.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Cortland and Law Romee0
- Outcome
- peel tissue concentrations of alpha-farnesene and its conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation productse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 4-9-folde0
- Comparator
- Idarede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Large increases in peel tissue concentrations of alpha-farnesene and its conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation products occurred in untreated Cortland and Law Rome and were about 4-9-fold greater than those in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CTol accumulation was nearly twice as high in green peel as red peel in Cortland and Law Rome.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cortland and Law Romee0
- Organ / stage
- green peele0
- Outcome
- accumulation of CTolse0
- Direction
- twicee0
- Value
- nearly twicee0
- Comparator
- red peele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both Cortland and Law Rome, accumulation of CTols in green peel was nearly twice that in red peel”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP delayed and attenuated alpha-farnesene accumulation in each apple cultivar.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 1-MCP treatmente0
- Outcome
- alpha-farnesenee0
- Direction
- delayed and attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1-MCP treatment delayed and attenuated alpha-farnesene and CTol accumulation in each cultivar”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP delayed and attenuated CTol accumulation in each apple cultivar.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 1-MCP treatmente0
- Outcome
- CTol accumulatione0
- Direction
- delayed and attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1-MCP treatment delayed and attenuated alpha-farnesene and CTol accumulation in each cultivar”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity was lower in red than green apple peel.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- red peele0
- Gene
- peroxidase (POX)e0
- Outcome
- Activities of peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- green peele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were lower in red peel than in green peel, with the exception of CAT in Law Rome”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity was lower in red than green apple peel except in Law Rome.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- red peele0
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- exception of CAT in Law Romee0
- Comparator
- green peele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were lower in red peel than in green peel, with the exception of CAT in Law Rome”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP had no detected effect on apple peel enzyme activities except in Cortland.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- no effectse0
- Qualifier
- except for Cortlande0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no effects of 1-MCP on enzyme activities were detected except for Cortland”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Control fruit ethylene reached highest levels in Cortland, intermediate in Law Rome and low in Idared after rising for 4-6 weeks.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cortlande0
- Outcome
- internal ethylene concentrations (IECs)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- during the first 4-6 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In control fruit, internal ethylene concentrations (IECs) increased during the first 4-6 weeks to reach highest levels in Cortland, intermediate levels in Law Rome, and low levels in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1-MCP-treated Cortland and Law Rome, internal ethylene rose gradually to modest levels by 25 weeks.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cortland and Law Romee0
- Treatment
- 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- IECse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- by 25 weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1-MCP-treated fruit, IECs increased gradually to modest levels by 25 weeks in Cortland and Law Rome but were almost nil in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1-MCP-treated Idared, internal ethylene was almost nil.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1-MCP-treated fruit, IECs increased gradually to modest levels by 25 weeks in Cortland and Law Rome but were almost nil in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of four named genes generally tracked alpha-farnesene and ethylene production.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdAFS1, the ethylene receptor gene MdERS1, and the ethylene biosynthetic genes MdACS1 and MdACO1e0
- Outcome
- Expression patternse0
- Qualifier
- generally in accorde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression patterns of the alpha-farnesene synthase gene MdAFS1, the ethylene receptor gene MdERS1, and the ethylene biosynthetic genes MdACS1 and MdACO1 were generally in accord with the patterns of alpha-farnesene and ethylene production”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdAFS1 and MdACS1 had similar expression patterns in each cultivar.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdAFS1 and MdACS1e0
- Outcome
- similar patterns of expressione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdAFS1 and MdACS1 showed similar patterns of expression in each cultivar”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Control transcript levels rose faster in Cortland and Law Rome than Idared early in storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cortland and Law Romee0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- increased more rapidlye0
- Comparator
- Idarede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the controls, transcript levels increased more rapidly in Cortland and Law Rome than in Idared during the first few weeks of storage”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1-MCP, Cortland and Law Rome transcript abundance reached control levels after 10-15 weeks.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cortland and Law Romee0
- Treatment
- 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- transcript abundancee0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Qualifier
- after 10-15 weekse0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1-MCP-treated fruit, transcript abundance in Cortland and Law Rome rose to untreated control levels after 10-15 weeks but remained low in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1-MCP, Idared transcript abundance remained low.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Idarede0
- Treatment
- 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- transcript abundancee0
- Direction
- remained lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1-MCP-treated fruit, transcript abundance in Cortland and Law Rome rose to untreated control levels after 10-15 weeks but remained low in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scald symptoms occurred only in unblushed skin.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- unblushed skine0
- Outcome
- Scald symptomse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scald symptoms were restricted to unblushed skin”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
After 25 weeks, control scald incidence was nearly 100% in Cortland and Law Rome.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cortland and Law Romee0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Value
- nearly 100%e0
- Comparator
- Idarede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the incidence in controls after 25 weeks was nearly 100% in Cortland and Law Rome compared with 1% in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
After 25 weeks, control Idared scald incidence was 1%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Idarede0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Value
- 1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the incidence in controls after 25 weeks was nearly 100% in Cortland and Law Rome compared with 1% in Idared”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP reduced scald incidence to 14%, 3% and 0% in Cortland, Law Rome and Idared, respectively.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 1-MCP treatmente0
- Outcome
- scald incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14, 3, and 0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1-MCP treatment reduced scald incidence to 14, 3, and 0% in Cortland, Law Rome, and Idared, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The results support CTols in scald induction and ethylene regulation of alpha-farnesene synthesis.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- CTolse0
- Outcome
- scald inductione0
- Qualifier
- proposed rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the results support the proposed role of CTols in scald induction and indicate that alpha-farnesene synthesis is tightly regulated by ethylene”
t0“Apple”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.