Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings contain four alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) homologues. Two of them encode AlaAT enzymes, whereas two homologues act as glumate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT). To address the function of the distinct AlaAT homologues a comparative examination of the changes in transcript level together with the enzyme activity and alanine and glutamate content in wheat seedlings subjected to low oxygen availability, nitrogen and light deficiency has been studied. Shoots of wheat seedlings were more tolerant to hypoxia than the roots as judging on the basis of enzyme activity and transcript level. Hypoxia induced AlaAT1 earlier in roots than in shoots, while AlaAT2 and GGAT were unaffected. The increase in AlaAT activity lagged behind the increase in alanine content. Nitrogen deficiency has little effect on the activity of GGAT. In contrast, lower activity of AlaAT and the level of mRNA for AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 in wheat seedlings growing on a nitrogen-free medium seems to indicate that AlaAT is regulated by the availability of nitrogen. Both AlaAT and GGAT activities were present in etiolated wheat seedlings but their activity was half of that observed in light-grown seedlings. Exposure of etiolated seedlings to light caused an increase in enzyme activities and up-regulated GGAT1. It is proposed that hypoxia-induced AlaAT1 and light-induced peroxisomal GGAT1 appears to be crucial for the regulation of energy availability in plants grown under unfavourable environmental conditions. Key message In young wheat seedlings, both AlaAT and GGAT are down-regulated by nitrogen deficiency, whereas AlaAT1 is upregulated by hypoxia and GGAT1 by light.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat seedlings contain four AlaAT homologues.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Gene
- alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT)e0
- Outcome
- four alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) homologuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings contain four alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) homologues”
Claim · model-written summary
Two homologues encode AlaAT enzymes and two act as GGAT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Gene
- AlaAT enzymese0
- Outcome
- glumate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of them encode AlaAT enzymes, whereas two homologues act as glumate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT)”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoots were more tolerant to hypoxia than roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- Shootse0
- Outcome
- tolerant to hypoxiae0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Comparator
- rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoots of wheat seedlings were more tolerant to hypoxia than the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia induced AlaAT1 earlier in roots than shoots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Hypoxiae0
- Gene
- AlaAT1e0
- Outcome
- AlaAT1e0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Comparator
- shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypoxia induced AlaAT1 earlier in roots than in shoots”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AlaAT2 was unaffected by hypoxia.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Hypoxiae2
- Gene
- AlaAT2e0
- Outcome
- AlaAT2e0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- shootse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while AlaAT2 and GGAT were unaffected”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
e2“Hypoxia induced AlaAT1”
e3“in shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
GGAT was unaffected by hypoxia.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Hypoxiae2
- Gene
- GGATe0
- Outcome
- GGATe0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- shootse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while AlaAT2 and GGAT were unaffected”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
e2“Hypoxia induced AlaAT1”
e3“in shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
AlaAT activity increased after alanine content increased.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Gene
- AlaATe0
- Outcome
- AlaAT activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in AlaAT activity lagged behind the increase in alanine content”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency had little effect on GGAT activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Nitrogen deficiencye0
- Gene
- GGATe0
- Outcome
- activity of GGATe0
- Direction
- little effecte0
- Comparator
- nitrogen-free mediume2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen deficiency has little effect on the activity of GGAT”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
e2“a nitrogen-free medium”
Claim · model-written summary
AlaAT activity was lower on nitrogen-free medium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nitrogen-free mediume0
- Gene
- AlaATe0
- Outcome
- activity of AlaATe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- light-grown seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower activity of AlaAT and the level of mRNA for AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 in wheat seedlings growing on a nitrogen-free medium”
e1“light-grown seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 mRNA levels were lower on nitrogen-free medium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nitrogen-free mediume0
- Gene
- AlaAT1 and AlaAT2e0
- Outcome
- level of mRNAe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- light-grown seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower activity of AlaAT and the level of mRNA for AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 in wheat seedlings growing on a nitrogen-free medium”
e1“light-grown seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AlaAT activity in etiolated seedlings was half that in light-grown seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- etiolatede0
- Gene
- AlaATe0
- Outcome
- AlaATe0
- Direction
- halfe0
- Value
- halfe0
- Comparator
- light-grown seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both AlaAT and GGAT activities were present in etiolated wheat seedlings but their activity was half of that observed in light-grown seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GGAT activity in etiolated seedlings was half that in light-grown seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- etiolatede0
- Gene
- GGATe0
- Outcome
- GGATe0
- Direction
- halfe0
- Value
- halfe0
- Comparator
- light-grown seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both AlaAT and GGAT activities were present in etiolated wheat seedlings but their activity was half of that observed in light-grown seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Light exposure increased aminotransferase enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- etiolated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of etiolated seedlings to light caused an increase in enzyme activities and up-regulated GGAT1”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Light exposure up-regulated GGAT1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Gene
- GGAT1e0
- Outcome
- GGAT1e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Comparator
- etiolated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of etiolated seedlings to light caused an increase in enzyme activities and up-regulated GGAT1”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose hypoxia-induced AlaAT1 and light-induced GGAT1 as crucial to energy availability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Gene
- AlaAT1 and light-induced peroxisomal GGAT1e0
- Outcome
- regulation of energy availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hypoxia-induced AlaAT1 and light-induced peroxisomal GGAT1 appears to be crucial for the regulation of energy availability”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
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