Abstract
High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds but also in increasing the germination potential of the nondormant but small seeds. There were few qualitative differences in response to these factors between the dormant and impotent seeds. Unlike CO2, however, enriched O2 and C2H4 were stimulative even at the low temperature of 13°C. Germination induced by CO2, C2H4 and high temperature treatments was lowered when endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removed, whereas the effect of O2 enrichment was not affected by their removal. CO2 and high temperatures remarkably stimulated C2H4 production, whereas O2 enrichment had no such effect. C2H4 productivity was lower in the dormant than non-dormant seeds, suggesting that the after-ripening is characterized by increasing C2H4 production.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
High oxygen tensions broke cocklebur seed dormancy.
- Taxon
- cocklebur
Xanthium strumariume0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- High O2 tensionse0
- Outcome
- breaking the dormancye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
CO4 broke cocklebur seed dormancy.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Treatment
- CO4e0
- Outcome
- breaking the dormancye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
C2H4 broke cocklebur seed dormancy.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Treatment
- C2H4e0
- Outcome
- breaking the dormancye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperatures broke cocklebur seed dormancy.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese0
- Outcome
- breaking the dormancye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
High oxygen tensions increased germination potential in nondormant small seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Organ / stage
- nondormant but small seedse0
- Treatment
- High O2 tensionse0
- Outcome
- germination potentiale0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds but also in increasing the germination potential of the nondormant but small seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
CO4 increased germination potential in nondormant small seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Organ / stage
- nondormant but small seedse0
- Treatment
- CO4e0
- Outcome
- germination potentiale0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds but also in increasing the germination potential of the nondormant but small seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
C2H4 increased germination potential in nondormant small seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Organ / stage
- nondormant but small seedse0
- Treatment
- C2H4e0
- Outcome
- germination potentiale0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds but also in increasing the germination potential of the nondormant but small seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperatures increased germination potential in nondormant small seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Organ / stage
- nondormant but small seedse0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese0
- Outcome
- germination potentiale0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High O2 tensions, CO4, C2H4 and high temperatures were effective not only in breaking the dormancy of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds but also in increasing the germination potential of the nondormant but small seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant and nondormant small seeds had few qualitative response differences.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume1
- Organ / stage
- dormant and impotent seedse0
- Outcome
- few qualitative differences in responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were few qualitative differences in response to these factors between the dormant and impotent seeds.”
e1“cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Enriched oxygen stimulated germination even at 13°C.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume1
- Treatment
- enriched O2e0
- Outcome
- stimulativee0
- Qualifier
- low temperature of 13°Ce0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enriched O2 and C2H4 were stimulative even at the low temperature of 13°C.”
e1“cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
C2H4 stimulated germination even at 13°C.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume1
- Treatment
- C2H4e0
- Outcome
- stimulativee0
- Qualifier
- low temperature of 13°Ce0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enriched O2 and C2H4 were stimulative even at the low temperature of 13°C.”
e1“cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing endogenous C2H4 or CO2 lowered CO2-induced germination.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removede0
- Outcome
- Germination induced by CO2e0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination induced by CO2, C2H4 and high temperature treatments was lowered when endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removed”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing endogenous C2H4 or CO2 lowered C2H4-induced germination.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removede0
- Outcome
- Germination induced by CO2, C2H4e0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination induced by CO2, C2H4 and high temperature treatments was lowered when endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removed”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing endogenous C2H4 or CO2 lowered high-temperature-induced germination.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removede0
- Outcome
- Germination induced by CO2, C2H4 and high temperature treatmentse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination induced by CO2, C2H4 and high temperature treatments was lowered when endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removed”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing endogenous gases did not alter the effect of oxygen enrichment.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- their removale0
- Outcome
- effect of O2 enrichmente0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of O2 enrichment was not affected by their removal.”
e1“endogenously evolved C2H4 or CO2 was removed”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 strongly stimulated C2H4 production.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- CO2e0
- Outcome
- C2H4 productione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO2 and high temperatures remarkably stimulated C2H4 production”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperatures strongly stimulated C2H4 production.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese0
- Outcome
- C2H4 productione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO2 and high temperatures remarkably stimulated C2H4 production”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygen enrichment did not stimulate C2H4 production.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- O2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- C2H4 productione1
- Direction
- no such effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O2 enrichment had no such effect.”
e1“stimulated C2H4 production”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant seeds had lower C2H4 productivity than nondormant seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Organ / stage
- dormante0
- Outcome
- C2H4 productivitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- non-dormant seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C2H4 productivity was lower in the dormant than non-dormant seeds”
t0“cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest after-ripening increases C2H4 production.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Outcome
- increasing C2H4 productione0
- Qualifier
- after-ripeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that the after-ripening is characterized by increasing C2H4 production.”
t0“cocklebur”
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- positive
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
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See all 16 papers →heat · yield · Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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heat · growth · Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.