Abstract
1. In cocklebur, the conditions brought about during the photoperiod may be diminished to such a point that plants fail to initiate floral primordia when subsequently subjected to a 12-hour dark period. The methods employed are the insertion between the photoperiod and the dark period of the photoinductive cycle of a given number of short alternating periods of darkness and light or of a given number of hours of continuous light of low intensity. When Biloxi soybean was treated in the same manner there was no reduction in the number of plants flowering, although there was a decrease in the number of nodes with flowers. 2. In Biloxi soybean, short cycles of light and darkness, or continuous light of low intensity, when inserted following the dark period of each photoinductive cycle, reduced considerably the number of plants flowering as well as the average number of nodes per plant with flowers. This response appears rhythmical, and there are indications that utilization of cycles other than those under which the plant has been growing may bring about ambiguous results. 3. Effective short cycles consisted of either 3 hours of darkness and 3 minutes of light or 2 hours of darkness and 2 minutes of light. 4. The use of short alternating periods of darkness and light may be a more economical method of maintaining "short-day" plants in a vegetative condition than the common practice of exposing them to continuous supplementary illumination of low intensity. 5. The intensity of the light during these short periods apparently affects the response; and in cocklebur the temperature prevailing during the cyclic treatment had little, if any, effect. 6. A range of conditions imposed during the photoperiod of a photoinductive cycle can be directly correlated with the extent or degree of floral initiation shown by cocklebur subjected to the various treatments. 7. Following eighteen short cycles, cocklebur may regain the capacity of being induced and develop flowers if subjected to three photoinductive cycles consisting of photoperiods of 2 or more hours at 2000 foot-candles or 10 hours of 100 foot-candles and 14 hours of continuous darkness. Moderate to high temperatures during the photoperiod and an increase in the intensity and duration of the light favor establishment of the conditions brought about by the photoperiod as measured in these experiments.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Light and dark cycles or low intensity light between photoperiod and darkness could prevent cocklebur floral initiation.
- Taxon
- cocklebur
Xanthium strumariume0 - Treatment
- short alternating periods of darkness and lighte0
- Outcome
- fail to initiate floral primordiae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In cocklebur, the conditions brought about during the photoperiod may be diminished to such a point that plants fail to initiate floral primordia when subsequently subjected to a 12-hour dark period. The methods employed are the insertion between the photoperiod and the dark period of the photoinductive cycle of a given number of short alternating periods of darkness and light or of a given number of hours of continuous light of low intensity.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same light treatments did not reduce the number of Biloxi soybean plants flowering.
- Taxon
- Biloxi soybeane0
- Treatment
- treated in the same mannere0
- Outcome
- number of plants floweringe0
- Direction
- no reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When Biloxi soybean was treated in the same manner there was no reduction in the number of plants flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatments decreased nodes with flowers in Biloxi soybean.
- Taxon
- Biloxi soybeane0
- Treatment
- treated in the same mannere0
- Outcome
- number of nodes with flowerse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When Biloxi soybean was treated in the same manner there was no reduction in the number of plants flowering, although there was a decrease in the number of nodes with flowers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light and darkness cycles or low intensity light after darkness reduced Biloxi soybean flowering and flowering nodes.
- Taxon
- Biloxi soybeane0
- Treatment
- short cycles of light and darkness, or continuous light of low intensitye0
- Outcome
- number of plants flowering as well as the average number of nodes per plant with flowerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In Biloxi soybean, short cycles of light and darkness, or continuous light of low intensity, when inserted following the dark period of each photoinductive cycle, reduced considerably the number of plants flowering as well as the average number of nodes per plant with flowers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycles of three hours dark and three minutes light were effective.
- Taxon
- Cocklebur and Biloxi Soybeant0
- Treatment
- 3 hours of darkness and 3 minutes of lighte0
- Outcome
- Effective short cyclese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Effective short cycles consisted of either 3 hours of darkness and 3 minutes of light or 2 hours of darkness and 2 minutes of light.”
t0“Cocklebur and Biloxi Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycles of two hours dark and two minutes light were effective.
- Taxon
- Cocklebur and Biloxi Soybeant0
- Treatment
- 2 hours of darkness and 2 minutes of lighte0
- Outcome
- Effective short cyclese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Effective short cycles consisted of either 3 hours of darkness and 3 minutes of light or 2 hours of darkness and 2 minutes of light.”
t0“Cocklebur and Biloxi Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Short alternating light and dark periods may be more economical for keeping short day plants vegetative.
Verbatim
e0“The use of short alternating periods of darkness and light may be a more economical method of maintaining "short-day" plants in a vegetative condition than the common practice of exposing them to continuous supplementary illumination of low intensity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light intensity during short cycles apparently affects the response.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The intensity of the light during these short periods apparently affects the response;”
t0“Cocklebur and Biloxi Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature during cycling had little or no effect in cocklebur.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Treatment
- temperature prevailing during the cyclic treatmente0
- Outcome
- little, if any, effecte0
- Direction
- little, if any, effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in cocklebur the temperature prevailing during the cyclic treatment had little, if any, effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoperiod conditions correlated with the extent of cocklebur floral initiation.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Treatment
- conditions imposed during the photoperiode0
- Outcome
- extent or degree of floral initiatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A range of conditions imposed during the photoperiod of a photoinductive cycle can be directly correlated with the extent or degree of floral initiation shown by cocklebur subjected to the various treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
After eighteen short cycles, cocklebur could regain induction and flower under three specified photoinductive cycles.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume0
- Treatment
- three photoinductive cyclese0
- Outcome
- regain the capacity of being induced and develop flowerse0
- Qualifier
- Following eighteen short cyclese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following eighteen short cycles, cocklebur may regain the capacity of being induced and develop flowers if subjected to three photoinductive cycles consisting of photoperiods of 2 or more hours at 2000 foot-candles or 10 hours of 100 foot-candles and 14 hours of continuous darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate to high photoperiod temperatures favored establishment of photoperiod conditions.
- Taxon
- CockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate to high temperatures during the photoperiode0
- Outcome
- establishment of the conditions brought about by the photoperiode0
- Direction
- favore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate to high temperatures during the photoperiod and an increase in the intensity and duration of the light favor establishment of the conditions brought about by the photoperiod as measured in these experiments.”
t0“Cocklebur”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing light intensity and duration favored establishment of photoperiod conditions.
- Taxon
- CockleburXanthium strumariumt0
- Treatment
- increase in the intensity and duration of the lighte0
- Outcome
- establishment of the conditions brought about by the photoperiode0
- Direction
- favore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate to high temperatures during the photoperiod and an increase in the intensity and duration of the light favor establishment of the conditions brought about by the photoperiod as measured in these experiments.”
t0“Cocklebur”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →heat · growth · Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.