Abstract
Water stress is considered as the main environmental factor which badly affects growth of sunflower plant. It is a water sensitive plant whose yield is greatly affected by drought stress. Several studies have been done to understand the mechanism of drought stress tolerance in plants, and exploring the role of stress tolerant genes is one of them. KCS genes, responsible for wax biosynthesis, have been reported to be involved in drought stress tolerance mechanism. In this study, expression profiling of KCS genes was done to understand their role in stress mechanism. Comparative genomics studies of KCS genes were carried out in sunflower and Arabidopsis by constructing phylogenetic tree. They were divided into six clades, however they were present in the same clade showing similarities between Arabidopsis and sunflower. It was further confirmed by Synteny analysis and concluded that KCS genes in both species share the same evolutionary origin. Further, they were amplified in sunflower by using gene specific primers. Five genes, i.e. KCS2, KCS4, KCS5, KCS10 and KCS18 were successfully amplified in sunflower variety FH-593. Then, sunflower plants were subjected to drought stress and expression profiling of amplified KCS genes was carried out by Real Time PCR. All the five genes were up-regulated under drought showing their role in stress conditions; however, the expression level of each gene was varied. Maximum relative expression was found for KCS4 gene in T1, i.e. 19 fold as compared to control. The expression of other genes was found in decreasing order as indicated KCS4>KCS2>KCS5>KCS10>KCS18 (relative expression: 19, 12, 5, 4 and 3 respectively). Biochemical analyses were also performed and significant variation was found among treatments and control. Total chlorophyll contents were decreased under drought stress while antioxidants like catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and proline were increased. Our results showed the role of KCS genes in drought stress which is first ever report in sunflower. This study concluded that KCS genes have role in drought stress tolerance and their expression is significantly up-regulated under stress conditions. The information presented here may help to further characterize KCS genes and their subsequent use to engineer drought stress in crop plants. Keywords: Sunflower, wax biosynthesis, drought, gene expression profiling, KCS genes
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower and Arabidopsis KCS genes grouped into six clades with shared clade membership.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Gene
- KCS GENESt0
- Outcome
- six cladese0
- Value
- six cladese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“KCS GENES UNDER DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“They were divided into six clades, however they were present in the same clade showing similarities between Arabidopsis and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Synteny indicated a shared evolutionary origin for KCS genes in sunflower and Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Gene
- KCS genese0
- Outcome
- same evolutionary origine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“Synteny analysis and concluded that KCS genes in both species share the same evolutionary origin”
Claim · model-written summary
Five named KCS genes were amplified in FH-593 sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- FH-593e0
- Gene
- KCS2, KCS4, KCS5, KCS10 and KCS18e0
- Outcome
- successfully amplifiede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“Five genes, i.e. KCS2, KCS4, KCS5, KCS10 and KCS18 were successfully amplified in sunflower variety FH-593”
Claim · model-written summary
All five KCS genes were upregulated under drought, with different expression levels.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Gene
- five genese0
- Outcome
- expression levele0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“All the five genes were up-regulated under drought showing their role in stress conditions; however, the expression level of each gene was varied”
Claim · model-written summary
KCS4 expression reached 19 fold relative to control in T1.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Gene
- KCS4e0
- Outcome
- relative expressione0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 19 folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“Maximum relative expression was found for KCS4 gene in T1, i.e. 19 fold as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
KCS2 had relative expression of 12 under drought.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Gene
- KCS2e0
- Outcome
- relative expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
- Value
- 19, 12, 5, 4 and 3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“KCS4>KCS2>KCS5>KCS10>KCS18 (relative expression: 19, 12, 5, 4 and 3 respectively)”
e1“All the five genes were up-regulated under drought”
Claim · model-written summary
KCS5 had relative expression of 5 under drought.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Gene
- KCS5e0
- Outcome
- relative expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
- Value
- 5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“KCS4>KCS2>KCS5>KCS10>KCS18 (relative expression: 19, 12, 5, 4 and 3 respectively)”
e1“All the five genes were up-regulated under drought”
Claim · model-written summary
KCS10 had relative expression of 4 under drought.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Gene
- KCS10e0
- Outcome
- relative expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
- Value
- 4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“KCS4>KCS2>KCS5>KCS10>KCS18 (relative expression: 19, 12, 5, 4 and 3 respectively)”
e1“All the five genes were up-regulated under drought”
Claim · model-written summary
KCS18 had relative expression of 3 under drought.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Gene
- KCS18e0
- Outcome
- relative expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
- Value
- 3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“KCS4>KCS2>KCS5>KCS10>KCS18 (relative expression: 19, 12, 5, 4 and 3 respectively)”
e1“All the five genes were up-regulated under drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochemical measures varied significantly between drought treatments and control.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- significant variatione0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“Biochemical analyses were also performed and significant variation was found among treatments and control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased sunflower chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“Total chlorophyll contents were decreased under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughtt0
- Outcome
- catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“antioxidants like catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and proline were increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased proline.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DROUGHT STRESS IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“proline were increased”
e1“under drought stress while antioxidants”
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