Abstract
To clarify the mode of uptake of butachlor (2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(butoxymethyl) acetanilide) by rice seedlings, its phytotoxic action to growth and physiological activities, studies were conducted with rice seedlings, at the 6th or 7th leaf-stage, which were treated with nutrient solution containing butachlor 0, 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 10.8 or 14.4 ppm for 1, 2 or 4 days, in other case, the solutions were thereafter renewed with the untreated nutrient solution for further growth. Uptake of butachlor by rice seedlings increased linearly with increase of its concentration and duration of uptake. Butachlor inhibited root growth more than shoot growth, furthermore, the inhibitory effect on the shoot growth was greater in height than in weight or leafing rate. After 4 day-treatment, the rates of shoot growth in weight were delayed for 4 days. Butachlor inhibited water uptake rapidly and linearly with increase of its external concentration. The reduced uptake of water was followed by slow increase in the stomatal resistance of leaves. Upon completion of butachlor treatment, rate of water uptake was recovered rapidly, but the stomatal resistance with lag in time. Butachlor did not affect the uptake of cation such as ammonium, potassium and calcium, but inhibited substantially uptake of nitrate in proportion to its concentration. Especially, butachlor did not affect synthesis and degradation of nitrate reductase. In addition, butachlor has shown much greater binding to the lipidic substances from rice roots than the proteinous material. The primary mechanism of phytotoxic action of butachlor does not seem to be its effect on the protein synthesis, but great affinity to membranes. The inhibition of water uptake, and its subsequent closure of stomates is thought very important for reduced growth under mild phytotoxicity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor uptake rose linearly with concentration and exposure duration.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- butachlore0
- Outcome
- Uptake of butachlore0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uptake of butachlor by rice seedlings increased linearly with increase of its concentration and duration of uptake.”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor inhibited root growth more than shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlore0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- shoot growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Butachlor inhibited root growth more than shoot growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor inhibited shoot height more than shoot weight or leafing rate.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlort0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- weight or leafing ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Butachlor by Rice Seedlings”
e0“the inhibitory effect on the shoot growth was greater in height than in weight or leafing rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Following four days of treatment, shoot weight growth remained delayed for four days.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- rates of shoot growth in weighte0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 4 dayse0
- Qualifier
- After 4 day-treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“After 4 day-treatment, the rates of shoot growth in weight were delayed for 4 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor rapidly inhibited water uptake in proportion to external concentration.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlore0
- Outcome
- water uptakee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Butachlor inhibited water uptake rapidly and linearly with increase of its external concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced water uptake was followed by a slow rise in leaf stomatal resistance.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- stomatal resistance of leavese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- reduced uptake of watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“The reduced uptake of water was followed by slow increase in the stomatal resistance of leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water uptake recovered rapidly after butachlor treatment ended.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- rate of water uptakee0
- Direction
- recovered rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- Upon completion of butachlor treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Upon completion of butachlor treatment, rate of water uptake was recovered rapidly, but the stomatal resistance with lag in time.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal resistance recovered with a time lag after treatment ended.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- stomatal resistancee0
- Direction
- with lag in timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Upon completion of butachlor treatment, rate of water uptake was recovered rapidly, but the stomatal resistance with lag in time.”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor did not affect ammonium, potassium or calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlore0
- Outcome
- uptake of cation such as ammonium, potassium and calciume0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Butachlor did not affect the uptake of cation such as ammonium, potassium and calcium”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor inhibited nitrate uptake in proportion to concentration.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Butachlort0
- Outcome
- uptake of nitratee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Butachlor by Rice Seedlings”
e0“but inhibited substantially uptake of nitrate in proportion to its concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor did not affect nitrate reductase synthesis or degradation.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- butachlore0
- Gene
- nitrate reductasee0
- Outcome
- synthesis and degradation of nitrate reductasee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“butachlor did not affect synthesis and degradation of nitrate reductase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Butachlor bound more to rice root lipids than protein material.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse0
- Outcome
- binding to the lipidic substances from rice rootse0
- Direction
- much greatere0
- Comparator
- proteinous materiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“butachlor has shown much greater binding to the lipidic substances from rice roots than the proteinous material.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors proposed membrane affinity as the primary phytotoxic mechanism.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic action of butachlore0
- Qualifier
- great affinity to membranese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“The primary mechanism of phytotoxic action of butachlor does not seem to be its effect on the protein synthesis, but great affinity to membranes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors proposed inhibited water uptake and stomatal closure as important for reduced growth.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- reduced growthe0
- Qualifier
- The inhibition of water uptake, and its subsequent closure of stomatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“The inhibition of water uptake, and its subsequent closure of stomates is thought very important for reduced growth under mild phytotoxicity.”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 8 papers →butachlor · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 11 papers →butachlor · physiology: water · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.