Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen attack by activating signaling networks based on molecules such as salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) followed by the accumulation of pathogenicity-related proteins, phytoalexins and other defense compounds. We used ß-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a non-protein amino acid to induce resistance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and investigated the possible mechanisms responsible for the observed protective effect. Sporulation of P. viticola was reduced in BABA-treated seedlings as well as in leaf discs in both a susceptible variety (Chasselas) and a resistant variety (Solaris). Comparing different inducers, the best protection was achieved with BABA followed by JA, while BTH and abscisic acid (ABA) did not significantly increase the resistance. The potentiated accumulation of callose and lignin in BABA-treated plants was decreased by the co-application of DDG (an inhibitor of callose production) and AIP (an inhibitor of phenyl alanin ammonium lyase) respectively. PR-1, a marker gene for the SA pathway was expressed in both water and BABA-treated leaf discs, whereas PR-4 and LOX-9, markers for the JA pathway, showed potentiated expression in BABA-treated plants following P. viticola infection. Expression of PR-4 and LOX-9 in BABA-treated plants was decreased by the co-application of ETYA (a LOX inhibitor). The older, necrotic leaves as well as leaves infected with powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) accumulated defense-related genes in grapevine. Necrosis was observed in BABA-treated plants following infection with P. viticola. Accumulation of different phenolics and stilbenes in BABA-treated plants increased with time following infection. In the inoculation zones of leaf discs, accumulation of trans-resveratrol was much higher in BABA-treated than in control plants following infection. Outside of the inoculation zone accumulation levels of stilbenes were low. In seedlings, however, accumulation of trans-resveratrol was primed in both necrotic and non-necrotic zones, while trans-epsilon-viniferin was only primed in necrotic zones of BABA-treated plants. Furthermore, expression of the stilbene synthase gene (STS-1) was also higher in JA-treated plants than in BTH- and ABA-treated plants. The induction of STS-1 was observed in BABA-treated plants upon infection. Our results suggest that BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR) involves priming of the JA signal transduction pathway and leads to a potentiated accumulation of callose, lignin, resveratrol and viniferins in grapevine following infection with downy mildew.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
BABA reduced P. viticola sporulation in grapevine seedlings and leaf discs of Chasselas.
- Material
- Chasselase0
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Interactor
- P. viticola
Plasmopara viticolae0pathogen - Outcome
- Sporulation of P. viticolae0
- Direction
- reducede0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sporulation of P. viticola was reduced in BABA-treated seedlings as well as in leaf discs in both a susceptible variety (Chasselas) and a resistant variety (Solaris)”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA reduced P. viticola sporulation in grapevine seedlings and leaf discs of Solaris.
- Material
- Solarise0
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Sporulation of P. viticolae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sporulation of P. viticola was reduced in BABA-treated seedlings as well as in leaf discs in both a susceptible variety (Chasselas) and a resistant variety (Solaris)”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA provided the best protection against downy mildew among the tested inducers.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best protection was achieved with BABA followed by JA”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
JA provided protection against downy mildew after BABA in the inducer ranking.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best protection was achieved with BABA followed by JA”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH did not significantly increase grapevine resistance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BTH and abscisic acid (ABA) did not significantly increase the resistance”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA did not significantly increase grapevine resistance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BTH and abscisic acid (ABA) did not significantly increase the resistance”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
DDG co-application decreased potentiated callose accumulation in BABA-treated grapevine.
- Treatment
- co-application of DDGe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of callosee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- BABA-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potentiated accumulation of callose and lignin in BABA-treated plants was decreased by the co-application of DDG (an inhibitor of callose production) and AIP (an inhibitor of phenyl alanin ammonium lyase) respectively”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
AIP co-application decreased potentiated lignin accumulation in BABA-treated grapevine.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potentiated accumulation of callose and lignin in BABA-treated plants was decreased by the co-application of DDG (an inhibitor of callose production) and AIP (an inhibitor of phenyl alanin ammonium lyase) respectively”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
PR-1 was expressed in both water-treated and BABA-treated grapevine leaf discs.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PR-1, a marker gene for the SA pathway was expressed in both water and BABA-treated leaf discs”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA potentiated PR-4 expression following P. viticola infection.
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae0pathogen
- Gene
- PR-4e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- potentiatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PR-4 and LOX-9, markers for the JA pathway, showed potentiated expression in BABA-treated plants following P. viticola infection”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA potentiated LOX-9 expression following P. viticola infection.
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae0pathogen
- Gene
- LOX-9e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- potentiatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PR-4 and LOX-9, markers for the JA pathway, showed potentiated expression in BABA-treated plants following P. viticola infection”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
ETYA co-application decreased PR-4 expression in BABA-treated grapevine.
- Treatment
- co-application of ETYAe0
- Gene
- PR-4e0
- Outcome
- Expression of PR-4e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- BABA-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of PR-4 and LOX-9 in BABA-treated plants was decreased by the co-application of ETYA (a LOX inhibitor)”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
ETYA co-application decreased LOX-9 expression in BABA-treated grapevine.
- Treatment
- co-application of ETYAe0
- Gene
- LOX-9e0
- Outcome
- Expression of PR-4 and LOX-9e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- BABA-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of PR-4 and LOX-9 in BABA-treated plants was decreased by the co-application of ETYA (a LOX inhibitor)”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Older necrotic grapevine leaves accumulated defense-related genes.
- Organ / stage
- older, necrotic leavese0
- Outcome
- accumulated defense-related genese0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The older, necrotic leaves as well as leaves infected with powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) accumulated defense-related genes in grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdery mildew-infected grapevine leaves accumulated defense-related genes.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- Uncinula necator
Erysiphe necatore0pathogen - Outcome
- accumulated defense-related genese0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The older, necrotic leaves as well as leaves infected with powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) accumulated defense-related genes in grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Necrosis occurred in BABA-treated grapevine following P. viticola infection.
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Necrosise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Necrosis was observed in BABA-treated plants following infection with P. viticola”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic and stilbene accumulation increased with time after infection in BABA-treated grapevine.
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Outcome
- Accumulation of different phenolics and stilbenese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with time following infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of different phenolics and stilbenes in BABA-treated plants increased with time following infection”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA-treated grapevine leaf discs accumulated much more trans-resveratrol than controls in inoculation zones after infection.
- Organ / stage
- leaf discse0
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Outcome
- accumulation of trans-resveratrole0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- inoculation zonese0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the inoculation zones of leaf discs, accumulation of trans-resveratrol was much higher in BABA-treated than in control plants following infection”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Stilbene accumulation outside grapevine leaf-disc inoculation zones was low.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Outside of the inoculation zone accumulation levels of stilbenes were low”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA primed trans-resveratrol accumulation in both necrotic and non-necrotic seedling zones.
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Outcome
- accumulation of trans-resveratrole0
- Direction
- primede0
- Qualifier
- both necrotic and non-necrotic zonese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In seedlings, however, accumulation of trans-resveratrol was primed in both necrotic and non-necrotic zones, while trans-epsilon-viniferin was only primed in necrotic zones of BABA-treated plants”
t0“grapevine”
The same questions in other papers
acibenzolar-S-methyl · disease · VitisResults differ
7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →3-aminobutanoic acid · Plasmopara viticola · VitisPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
(+)-abscisic acid · disease · VitisResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.