Abstract
Forage corn (cv. Pioneer 3352) was sown on April 3, 1995 (early spring sowing), April 28 (mid-spring sowing) and May 24 (late spring sowing), 1996 in a field infested by spiny amaranth seeds. To control the weed, Italian ryegrass was sown as a living mulch at a density of 0.3 and 0.6kg/a on the same day as the corn sowing, and atrazine+alachlor was applied at a rate of 10.0+10.8a. i. g/a. Corn and spiny amaranth were periodically examined to monitor the growth of both species as well as the nitrogen absorption of the corn.In early spring sowing, living mulch provided adequate control of spiny amaranth through competition, however, it significantly suppressed the growth and nitrogen absorption of the corn, which caused remarkable reduction of the corn fodder yield. In mid-spring sowing, living mulch provided some suppression of the weed with a little decrement of the growth and nitrogen absorption of corn, although a slight reduction in the corn yield was observed. In late spring sowing, living mulch influenced neither the growth of the weed nor that of the corn since it was not established under high temperature during the growing season. At harvest time both the plant density and dry weight of spiny amaranth from untreated plots of mid-and late spring sowing fields were found to be smaller than those of early spring sowing fields. Pre-emergence herbicide application with atrazine+alachlor successfully controlled the weed without decreasing growth or nitrogen absorption of the corn during the growing seasons, and without reduction of the corn yields irrespective of the sowing dates.Italian ryegrass living mulch could be a viable means of controlling spiny amaranth in forage corn sown in mid-spring.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Early spring ryegrass mulch adequately controlled spiny amaranth.
- Taxon
- Forage Cornt0
- Treatment
- living mulche0
- Interactor
- spiny amaranthe0weed
- Second interactor
- Italian Ryegrass
Lolium multiflorume1biocontrol_agentt0 - Outcome
- control of spiny amaranthe0
- Direction
- adequate controle0
- Qualifier
- early spring sowinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“In early spring sowing, living mulch provided adequate control of spiny amaranth through competition”
e1“Italian ryegrass living mulch could be a viable means of controlling spiny amaranth in forage corn sown in mid-spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spring mulch significantly suppressed corn growth and nitrogen absorption.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- Italian Ryegrasse1
- Outcome
- growth and nitrogen absorptione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“it significantly suppressed the growth and nitrogen absorption of the corn”
e1“Italian ryegrass living mulch could be a viable means of controlling spiny amaranth in forage corn sown in mid-spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spring mulch markedly reduced corn fodder yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Italian Ryegrasse1
- Outcome
- fodder yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“which caused remarkable reduction of the corn fodder yield.”
e1“Italian ryegrass living mulch could be a viable means of controlling spiny amaranth in forage corn sown in mid-spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-spring mulch somewhat suppressed the weed.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“In mid-spring sowing, living mulch provided some suppression of the weed”
e1“In early spring sowing, living mulch provided adequate control of spiny amaranth through competition”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-spring mulch slightly reduced corn growth and nitrogen absorption.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Italian Ryegrasse1
- Outcome
- growth and nitrogen absorptione0
- Direction
- decremente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“with a little decrement of the growth and nitrogen absorption of corn”
e1“Italian ryegrass living mulch could be a viable means of controlling spiny amaranth in forage corn sown in mid-spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-spring mulch slightly reduced corn yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Italian Ryegrasse1
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“a slight reduction in the corn yield was observed.”
e1“Italian ryegrass living mulch could be a viable means of controlling spiny amaranth in forage corn sown in mid-spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late spring mulch changed neither weed nor corn growth because it failed to establish in heat.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- living mulche0
- Outcome
- growth of the weed nor that of the corne0
- Direction
- neithere0
- Qualifier
- high temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“In late spring sowing, living mulch influenced neither the growth of the weed nor that of the corn since it was not established under high temperature during the growing season.”
e1“In early spring sowing, living mulch provided adequate control of spiny amaranth through competition”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated mid- and late-spring plots had fewer spiny amaranth plants than early plots.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“both the plant density and dry weight of spiny amaranth from untreated plots of mid-and late spring sowing fields were found to be smaller than those of early spring sowing fields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated mid- and late-spring plots had lower spiny amaranth dry weight than early plots.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“both the plant density and dry weight of spiny amaranth from untreated plots of mid-and late spring sowing fields were found to be smaller than those of early spring sowing fields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine plus alachlor controlled the weed across sowing dates.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- atrazine+alachlore0
- Outcome
- controlled the weede0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“Pre-emergence herbicide application with atrazine+alachlor successfully controlled the weed without decreasing growth or nitrogen absorption of the corn during the growing seasons, and without reduction of the corn yields irrespective of the sowing dates.”
e1“In early spring sowing, living mulch provided adequate control of spiny amaranth through competition”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine plus alachlor did not decrease corn growth or nitrogen absorption.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- atrazine+alachlore0
- Outcome
- growth or nitrogen absorptione0
- Direction
- without decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“Pre-emergence herbicide application with atrazine+alachlor successfully controlled the weed without decreasing growth or nitrogen absorption of the corn during the growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine plus alachlor did not reduce corn yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- atrazine+alachlore1
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Direction
- without reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“without reduction of the corn yields irrespective of the sowing dates.”
e1“Pre-emergence herbicide application with atrazine+alachlor successfully controlled the weed without decreasing growth or nitrogen absorption of the corn during the growing seasons, and without reduction of the corn yields irrespective of the sowing dates.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend ryegrass mulch to control spiny amaranth in mid-spring forage corn.
Verbatim
t0“Forage Corn”
e0“Italian ryegrass living mulch could be a viable means of controlling spiny amaranth in forage corn sown in mid-spring.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.