Abstract
Conservation tillage is a primary strategy in dryland farming systems, that can significantly improve water productivity in dryland crops. However, the mechanism of conservation tillage drives optimization of root water uptake and evapotranspiration (ET) components to enhance efficient water utilization is unclear. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was carried out with spring wheat based on a long-term conservation tillage experiment in a semiarid region of Northwestern China to determine root water uptake, quantify evaporation and transpiration, and assess their relationship with yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under different tillage and straw management practices. The treatments were conventional tillage (CT), no tillage with no straw returning (NT), conventional tillage with straw returning (CTS), and no tillage with straw returning (NTS). Stable oxygen isotope ( 18 O) analysis was used to determine root water uptake, evaporation (E) and transpiration (T). The results showed that wheat root absorbed water from greater depths as the growth stages advanced, and water was absorbed from deeper in the soil profile under NTS than other treatments. Transpiration changed greatly as the growth period advanced, with an initial increase, before then decreasing. The maximum transpiration occurred at jointing stage to flowering stage. Compared with CT, NTS, CTS, and NT decreased evaporation (E) and significantly increased transpiration (T) by 21.7%, 13.9%, and 7.2% in two growing seasons, respectively. Therefore, the transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET) under NTS, CTS, and NT were 24.7%, 17.0%, and 11.1% higher than CT in two growing seasons, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that conservation tillage not only enhances root water uptake from deeper soil but also optimizes ET components by enhancing T while reducing E, thereby improving WUE in wheat. The integration of no-tillage with straw returning under NTS produced a synergistic effect that further optimized root water uptake and ET components, resulting in the greatest enhancements in both grain yield and WUE. Elucidation of this underlying physical mechanism advances the understanding of efficient water utilization in wheat under conservation tillage, thus providing insights for selecting appropriate conservation tillage in semiarid regions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat roots absorbed water from greater depths as growth advanced.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- water from greater depthse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat root absorbed water from greater depths as the growth stages advanced”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS made wheat absorb water deeper in the soil profile than other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTSe0
- Outcome
- water was absorbede0
- Direction
- deepere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water was absorbed from deeper in the soil profile under NTS than other treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration rose initially and then declined over the growth period.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Transpiratione0
- Direction
- initial increase, before then decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration changed greatly as the growth period advanced, with an initial increase, before then decreasing.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum wheat transpiration occurred from jointing to flowering.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- jointing stage to flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- maximum transpiratione0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum transpiration occurred at jointing stage to flowering stage.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS decreased evaporation compared with CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTSe0
- Outcome
- evaporation (E)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CT, NTS, CTS, and NT decreased evaporation (E) and significantly increased transpiration (T) by 21.7%, 13.9%, and 7.2% in two growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CTS decreased evaporation compared with CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CTSe0
- Outcome
- evaporation (E)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CT, NTS, CTS, and NT decreased evaporation (E) and significantly increased transpiration (T) by 21.7%, 13.9%, and 7.2% in two growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NT decreased evaporation compared with CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- evaporation (E)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CT, NTS, CTS, and NT decreased evaporation (E) and significantly increased transpiration (T) by 21.7%, 13.9%, and 7.2% in two growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased transpiration by 21.7% compared with CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTSe0
- Outcome
- transpiration (T)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.7%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CT, NTS, CTS, and NT decreased evaporation (E) and significantly increased transpiration (T) by 21.7%, 13.9%, and 7.2% in two growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CTS increased transpiration by 13.9% compared with CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CTSe0
- Outcome
- transpiration (T)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.9%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CT, NTS, CTS, and NT decreased evaporation (E) and significantly increased transpiration (T) by 21.7%, 13.9%, and 7.2% in two growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NT increased transpiration by 7.2% compared with CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- transpiration (T)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.2%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CT, NTS, CTS, and NT decreased evaporation (E) and significantly increased transpiration (T) by 21.7%, 13.9%, and 7.2% in two growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased T/ET by 24.7% versus CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTSe0
- Outcome
- transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24.7%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET) under NTS, CTS, and NT were 24.7%, 17.0%, and 11.1% higher than CT in two growing seasons”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CTS increased T/ET by 17.0% versus CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CTSe0
- Outcome
- transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 17.0%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET) under NTS, CTS, and NT were 24.7%, 17.0%, and 11.1% higher than CT in two growing seasons”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NT increased T/ET by 11.1% versus CT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 11.1%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio (T/ET) under NTS, CTS, and NT were 24.7%, 17.0%, and 11.1% higher than CT in two growing seasons”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage improved wheat WUE through deeper water uptake and altered ET components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- conservation tillagee0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conservation tillage not only enhances root water uptake from deeper soil but also optimizes ET components by enhancing T while reducing E, thereby improving WUE in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS produced the greatest grain yield enhancement.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTSe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- greatest enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integration of no-tillage with straw returning under NTS produced a synergistic effect that further optimized root water uptake and ET components, resulting in the greatest enhancements in both grain yield and WUE.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS produced the greatest WUE enhancement.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTSe0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- greatest enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integration of no-tillage with straw returning under NTS produced a synergistic effect that further optimized root water uptake and ET components, resulting in the greatest enhancements in both grain yield and WUE.”
t0“wheat”
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