Abstract
Transpiration efficiency, the shoot biomass produced per unit of transpired water, is generally considered to be a constant property for a given crop in a given environment. To determine whether deep-banded organic amendments affect the transpiration efficiency (TE) of wheat plants and to provide a possible explanation for any changes in the TE, two-column experiments were carried out under controlled environment conditions. A Sodosol soil with physically constrained subsoils and a well-structured Vertosol were subjected to treatments including a control, fertilizer nutrients alone, and fertilizer-enriched organic amendments. The addition of fertilizer-enriched organic amendments in Sodosol consistently increased the canopy TE compared to the control and inorganic fertilizer treatments. The instantaneous TE, at the leaf level, was also increased by the organic-based amendments due to greater reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration rates during periods of moderate water-deficit stress and the subsequent recovery from this stress. Shoot nitrogen (N) status could not explain the increases in TE following the addition of organic amendments relative to inorganic amendments. The increases in canopy TE were directly associated with increases in the absolute abundance of indigenous Bacillus ( R 2 = 0.92, p <0), a well-known genus comprising many strains of plant beneficial rhizobacteria, in subsoil below the amendment band. In contrast, there were no differences in the canopy TE and instantaneous leaf TE between the organic and fertilizer amendments in the Vertosol with a well-structured subsoil. The positive effect of organic amendments on TE in the Sodosol should be attributed to their direct or indirect effect on improving the physical structure or biological properties of the subsoil.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments increased canopy transpiration efficiency in Sodosol versus control and inorganic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- fertilizer-enriched organic amendmentse0
- Outcome
- canopy TEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control and inorganic fertilizer treatmentse0
- Setting
- Sodosole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of fertilizer-enriched organic amendments in Sodosol consistently increased the canopy TE compared to the control and inorganic fertilizer treatments.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments increased instantaneous leaf transpiration efficiency.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- organic-based amendmentse0
- Outcome
- instantaneous TEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The instantaneous TE, at the leaf level, was also increased by the organic-based amendments due to greater reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration rates during periods of moderate water-deficit stress and the subsequent recovery from this stress.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments reduced stomatal conductance during moderate water-deficit stress and recovery.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic-based amendmentse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- during periods of moderate water-deficit stress and the subsequent recovery from this stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The instantaneous TE, at the leaf level, was also increased by the organic-based amendments due to greater reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration rates during periods of moderate water-deficit stress and the subsequent recovery from this stress.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments reduced transpiration rates during moderate water-deficit stress and recovery.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic-based amendmentse0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratese0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- during periods of moderate water-deficit stress and the subsequent recovery from this stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The instantaneous TE, at the leaf level, was also increased by the organic-based amendments due to greater reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration rates during periods of moderate water-deficit stress and the subsequent recovery from this stress.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot nitrogen status could not explain the amendment-associated increase in transpiration efficiency.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Shoote0
- Treatment
- organic amendmentse0
- Outcome
- increases in TEe0
Not reportedCompoundDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot nitrogen (N) status could not explain the increases in TE following the addition of organic amendments relative to inorganic amendments.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy transpiration efficiency increases were associated with indigenous Bacillus abundance in subsoil.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0symbiont
- Outcome
- increases in canopy TEe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- R 2 = 0.92e0
- Setting
- subsoil below the amendment bande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increases in canopy TE were directly associated with increases in the absolute abundance of indigenous Bacillus ( R 2 = 0.92, p <0), a well-known genus comprising many strains of plant beneficial rhizobacteria, in subsoil below the amendment band.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
In Vertosol, canopy TE did not differ between organic and fertilizer amendments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organice0
- Outcome
- canopy TEe0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- fertilizer amendmentse0
- Setting
- Vertosole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, there were no differences in the canopy TE and instantaneous leaf TE between the organic and fertilizer amendments in the Vertosol with a well-structured subsoil.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
In Vertosol, instantaneous leaf TE did not differ between organic and fertilizer amendments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organice0
- Outcome
- instantaneous leaf TEe0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- fertilizer amendmentse0
- Setting
- Vertosole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, there were no differences in the canopy TE and instantaneous leaf TE between the organic and fertilizer amendments in the Vertosol with a well-structured subsoil.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute increased transpiration efficiency in Sodosol to improved subsoil physical or biological properties.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic amendmentse0
- Outcome
- positive effect of organic amendments on TEe0
- Qualifier
- improving the physical structure or biological properties of the subsoile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The positive effect of organic amendments on TE in the Sodosol should be attributed to their direct or indirect effect on improving the physical structure or biological properties of the subsoil.”
t0“Wheat Plant”
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