Abstract
Benzylaminopurine Benzylaminopurine (BAP) is a cytokinin plant growth regulator that plays an important role in stimulating cell division, shoot development, and the formation of generative organs, while organic manures improve soil fertility and support sustainable plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between BAP concentrations and types of manure on the growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), to determine the optimal BAP concentration, and to identify the most effective type of manure. This study employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a factorial arrangement and was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia. The treatments consisted of two factors: BAP concentration (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm) and manure type (chicken, cattle, and goat), resulting in 12 treatment combinations. Each treatment was replicated three times, giving a total of 36 experimental units with 108 plants. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% significance level. The results showed that the interaction between BAP concentration and manure type significantly affected all observed variables (P < 0.05), including plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, days to flowering, flower diameter, flower stalk length, and number of flowers. The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33). In conclusion, the application of 50 ppm BAP combined with chicken manure is the most effective treatment for improving the growth and flowering of marigold and can be recommended to enhance flower productivity and quality under similar conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The BAP by manure type interaction significantly affected plant height, number of leaves and number of branches of marigold.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- BAP concentration and manure typee1
- Outcome
- plant height, number of leaves, number of branchese1
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“the interaction between BAP concentration and manure type significantly affected all observed variables (P < 0.05), including plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, days to flowering, flower diameter, flower stalk length, and number of flowers”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The BAP by manure type interaction significantly affected days to flowering, flower diameter and flower stalk length of marigold.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- BAP concentration and manure typee1
- Outcome
- days to flowering, flower diameter, flower stalk lengthe1
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“the interaction between BAP concentration and manure type significantly affected all observed variables (P < 0.05), including plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, days to flowering, flower diameter, flower stalk length, and number of flowers”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The BAP by manure type interaction significantly affected the number of flowers of marigold.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- BAP concentration and manure typee1
- Outcome
- number of flowerse1
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“the interaction between BAP concentration and manure type significantly affected all observed variables (P < 0.05), including plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, days to flowering, flower diameter, flower stalk length, and number of flowers”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure gave the highest plant height of marigold, 46.10 cm.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- 50 ppm BAP and chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 46.10 cme2
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33)”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure gave 38.14 leaves per marigold plant.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- 50 ppm BAP and chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- number of leavese2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 38.14e2
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33)”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure gave 2.33 branches per marigold plant.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- 50 ppm BAP and chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- number of branchese2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 2.33e2
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33)”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure gave earlier flowering of marigold, at 45.33 days.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- 50 ppm BAP and chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- floweringe2
- Direction
- earliere2
- Value
- 45.33 dayse2
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33)”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure gave larger flower diameter of marigold, 8.20 cm.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- 50 ppm BAP and chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- flower diametere2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 8.20 cme2
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33)”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure gave longer flower stalks of marigold, 16.80 cm.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- 50 ppm BAP and chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- flower stalk lengthe2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 16.80 cme2
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33)”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure gave the highest number of flowers of marigold, 6.33.
- Taxon
- marigolde3
- Treatment
- 50 ppm BAP and chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- number of flowerse2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 6.33e2
- Setting
- Bengkulu, Indonesiae4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“The combination of 50 ppm BAP and chicken manure produced the best performance, with plant height reaching 46.10 cm, number of leaves 38.14, number of branches 2.33, earlier flowering at 45.33 days, flower diameter of 8.20 cm, flower stalk length of 16.80 cm, and the highest number of flowers (6.33)”
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e4“was conducted from September to December 2025 in Bengkulu, Indonesia”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50 ppm BAP with chicken manure treatment is recommended to enhance marigold flower productivity and quality under similar conditions.
Verbatim
e3“growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”
e5“the application of 50 ppm BAP combined with chicken manure is the most effective treatment for improving the growth and flowering of marigold and can be recommended to enhance flower productivity and quality under similar conditions”
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