Abstract
This study investigated the effects of aqueous extracts of orange peel–derived biochar on seed germination and early seedling growth in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.). Biochar was produced by pyrolysis of orange peel at temperatures ranging from 250 to 550 °C. Germination assays were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, and seedling growth parameters were evaluated after six days of cultivation. Untreated orange peel completely inhibited seed germination (0 %) in both species, while biochar produced at 250 °C significantly reduced germination (e.g., the germination index decreased from 54.21 % in the control to 47.2 % in T. durum). In contrast, biochar produced at 350 °C increased germination to >96 % in T. durum and 100 % in F. esculentum, accompanied by enhanced seedling vigor and biomass production. Chemical analyses revealed a pronounced decrease in total phenolic content (from 53.84 to 0.57 mg GAE g−1 DW) and flavonoids (from 90.05 to 1.34 mg QE g−1 DW) with increasing pyrolysis temperature, along with a reduction in antioxidant activity. Common buckwheat exhibited consistently higher tolerance to biochar extracts than durum wheat across all treatments. Overall, the results demonstrate that pyrolysis temperature is a key factor governing the transition from phytotoxic to biostimulatory effects, with optimal performance observed at approximately 350 °C.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated orange peel completely inhibited germination in both species.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Untreated orange peel completely inhibited seed germination (0 %) in both species”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 250 °C reduced the germination index in durum wheat.
- Taxon
- T. durum
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Treatment
- biochar produced at 250 °Ce0
- Outcome
- germination indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 47.2 %e0
- Qualifier
- 54.21 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar produced at 250 °C significantly reduced germination (e.g., the germination index decreased from 54.21 % in the control to 47.2 % in T. durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 350 °C increased durum wheat germination to over 96%.
- Taxon
- T. durumTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- biochar produced at 350 °Ce0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- >96 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar produced at 350 °C increased germination to >96 % in T. durum”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 350 °C increased common buckwheat germination to 100%.
- Taxon
- F. esculentum
Fagopyrum esculentume0 - Treatment
- biochar produced at 350 °Ce0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 100 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar produced at 350 °C increased germination to >96 % in T. durum and 100 % in F. esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 350 °C enhanced seedling vigor and biomass production.
- Treatment
- biochar produced at 350 °Ce0
- Outcome
- seedling vigor and biomass productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“biochar produced at 350 °C increased germination to >96 % in T. durum and 100 % in F. esculentum, accompanied by enhanced seedling vigor and biomass production”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic content of the biochar extracts declined as pyrolysis temperature increased.
- Treatment
- pyrolysis temperaturee0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 53.84 to 0.57 mg GAE g−1 DWe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“decrease in total phenolic content (from 53.84 to 0.57 mg GAE g−1 DW) and flavonoids (from 90.05 to 1.34 mg QE g−1 DW) with increasing pyrolysis temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoids of the biochar extracts declined as pyrolysis temperature increased.
- Treatment
- pyrolysis temperaturee0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 90.05 to 1.34 mg QE g−1 DWe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“decrease in total phenolic content (from 53.84 to 0.57 mg GAE g−1 DW) and flavonoids (from 90.05 to 1.34 mg QE g−1 DW) with increasing pyrolysis temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity declined as pyrolysis temperature rose.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“with increasing pyrolysis temperature, along with a reduction in antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Common buckwheat tolerated biochar extracts better than durum wheat across treatments.
- Taxon
- Common buckwheatFagopyrum esculentume0
- Outcome
- tolerance to biochar extractse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- across all treatmentse0
- Comparator
- durum wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Common buckwheat exhibited consistently higher tolerance to biochar extracts than durum wheat across all treatments”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · growth · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.