Abstract
Abstract Alligatorweed, an invasive aquatic weed, has emerged as a major threat to sustainable crop production in various crop species. A two-year field study was conducted to investigate the impact of varied competition durations of alligatorweed on mungbean. The competition durations with alligatorweed included weed free conditions for first 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks after crop emergence along with a full season weed free treatment and alternatively weedy conditions for the aforementioned durations along with a full season weedy treatment. Competition with alligatorweed led to significant uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), with maximum uptake observed in the full season weedy treatment with N, P and K up to 65, 19, 56 kg ha -1 , respectively. Additionally, significant accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) up to 20, 16, 30, 14 and 11 g ha -1 , respectively, was observed. Full season weedy plots produced more alligatorweed biomass and caused reductions of up to 81% in mungbean yield components. Alligatorweed infestation resulted in significant mungbean grain yield losses of up to 44% during 2022 and 52% in 2023, respectively. Furthermore, the three-parameter log-logistic equations identified the period from 4.2 to 6.8 weeks after crop emergence (WACE) as the critical period of alligatorweed competition that could result in a 10% yield loss in mungbean. Hence, alligatorweed poses a significant threat to mungbean production due to its strong competitive ability. However, its potential for HM accumulation offers promising opportunities for phytoremediation in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed nitrogen uptake reached 65 kg ha -1 under full-season weedy conditions.
- Taxon
- Mungbean
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Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- full season weedy treatmente0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- uptakee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 65e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“maximum uptake observed in the full season weedy treatment with N, P and K up to 65, 19, 56 kg ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed phosphorus uptake reached 19 kg ha -1 under full-season weedy conditions.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- full season weedy treatmente0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- uptakee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 19e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum uptake observed in the full season weedy treatment with N, P and K up to 65, 19, 56 kg ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed potassium uptake reached 56 kg ha -1 under full-season weedy conditions.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- full season weedy treatmente0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- uptakee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 56 kg ha -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum uptake observed in the full season weedy treatment with N, P and K up to 65, 19, 56 kg ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed accumulated copper up to 20 g ha -1.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- copper (Cu)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Value
- 20e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) up to 20, 16, 30, 14 and 11 g ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed accumulated iron up to 16 g ha -1.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- iron (Fe)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Value
- 16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) up to 20, 16, 30, 14 and 11 g ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed accumulated manganese up to 30 g ha -1.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- manganese (Mn)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Value
- 30e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) up to 20, 16, 30, 14 and 11 g ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed accumulated zinc up to 14 g ha -1.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- zinc (Zn)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Value
- 14e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) up to 20, 16, 30, 14 and 11 g ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed accumulated arsenic up to 11 g ha -1.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- arsenic (As)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Value
- 11 g ha -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) up to 20, 16, 30, 14 and 11 g ha -1 , respectively”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-season weedy plots produced more alligatorweed biomass.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Full season weedy plotse0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- alligatorweed biomasse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Full season weedy plots produced more alligatorweed biomass”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-season alligatorweed competition reduced mungbean yield components by up to 81%.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Full season weedy plotse0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- mungbean yield componentse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- up to 81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Full season weedy plots produced more alligatorweed biomass and caused reductions of up to 81% in mungbean yield components”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed infestation caused mungbean grain yield loss up to 44% in 2022.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Alligatorweed infestatione0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweede0weed
- Outcome
- mungbean grain yield lossese0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Value
- up to 44%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alligatorweed infestation resulted in significant mungbean grain yield losses of up to 44% during 2022 and 52% in 2023, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Alligatorweed infestation caused mungbean grain yield loss up to 52% in 2023.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Alligatorweed infestatione0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweede0weed
- Outcome
- mungbean grain yield lossese0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alligatorweed infestation resulted in significant mungbean grain yield losses of up to 44% during 2022 and 52% in 2023, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
A log-logistic model placed the critical alligatorweed competition period at 4.2–6.8 weeks after emergence for 10% mungbean yield loss.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae0
- Interactor
- alligatorweede0weed
- Outcome
- critical period of alligatorweed competitione0
- Value
- 4.2 to 6.8 weekse0
- Qualifier
- 10% yield losse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the three-parameter log-logistic equations identified the period from 4.2 to 6.8 weeks after crop emergence (WACE) as the critical period of alligatorweed competition that could result in a 10% yield loss in mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest alligatorweed heavy-metal accumulation has phytoremediation potential.
- Taxon
- MungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Alligatorweedt0weed
- Outcome
- phytoremediation in both aquatic and terrestrial environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its potential for HM accumulation offers promising opportunities for phytoremediation in both aquatic and terrestrial environments”
t0“Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in Mungbean”
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