Abstract
• LED spectral enrichment maintained lettuce yield with 35–45 % lower daily light integral. • Red–blue light significantly enhanced quercetin and chlorogenic acid accumulation. • Polyphenol biosynthesis was regulated in a growth stage–dependent manner. • Red–blue light upregulated C3H and FLS genes in young lettuce leaves. • Dynamic, stage-specific light recipes improve nutritional quality and energy efficiency. Light conditions affect lettuce plant growth, development and secondary compounds, and the response may depend on the stage of development. This study evaluated the effect of ambient light enrichment with different LED spectra (red, blue, white, and red-blue) on biomass accumulation, photosynthesis, and polyphenol biosynthesis in green lettuce ( Lactuca sativa cv. ‘Levistro’) grown hydroponically in a greenhouse. Both young and mature lettuce showed similar fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf number across treatments, with values ranging from 17.1 to 19.4 g plant −1 , 6.9 % to 7.2 %, and 10.6 to 11 leaf plant −1 in young plants, and from 38.5 to 44.8 g plant −1 , 9.2 % to 10.4 %, and 12.3 to 13.8 leaf plant −1 in mature plants, respectively, indicating that spectral enrichment maintained yield even though they received 35–45 % less daily light integral (DLI) than plants grown in ambient light. Light enrichment differentially affected gas exchange depending on plant developmental stage. In young lettuce, control increased CO 2 assimilation relative to blue and white light enrichment by 59.2 % and 45.5 %, respectively, with no significant differences observed in stomatal conductance, transpiration, and intercellular CO₂. Mature plants showed comparable responses, although only red-blue light enrichment increased CO₂ assimilation by 34.5 % compared to the blue treatment. Meanwhile, the control enhanced stomatal conductance and transpiration compared to red, white, and blue light enrichment. On the other hand, red-blue light significantly increased the accumulation of quercetin and chlorogenic acid in young lettuce by 113.5 % and 36.8 %, respectively, coinciding with the upregulation of the FLS and C3H gene expressions. In mature lettuce, blue light promoted quercetin accumulation (39.1 % and 34.8 % more than the red and white light enrichment, respectively) without changing gene expression, while red-blue enrichment enhanced chlorogenic and chicoric acid levels relative to the another treatments, within ranges of 7.7–47.4 % and 14.5–29.0 %, respectively. The young and mature ‘Levistro’ lettuce exhibited normal growth under light spectrum modulation with a lower DLI compared to ambient light. This study demonstrated that spectral optimization can significantly reduce energy usage (via a lower DLI) without compromising yield, while enhancing bioactive quality, offering a tangible strategy to support sustainable practices in greenhouse agriculture. This response was mediated by a growth stage-specific regulation of key biosynthetic genes, highlighting the importance of adapting light recipes according to the plant's development stage. This study demonstrates that dynamic spectral adjustment is an effective tool for enhancing the sustainability and nutritional quality of greenhouse lettuce production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Spectral enrichment maintained lettuce yield with lower daily light integral.
- Treatment
- spectral enrichmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Value
- 35–45 %e0
- Comparator
- ambient lighte0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“spectral enrichment maintained yield even though they received 35–45 % less daily light integral (DLI) than plants grown in ambient light”
Claim · model-written summary
Young lettuce under control light had higher CO2 assimilation than under blue enrichment.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59.2 %e0
- Comparator
- bluee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In young lettuce, control increased CO 2 assimilation relative to blue and white light enrichment by 59.2 % and 45.5 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Young lettuce under control light had higher CO2 assimilation than under white enrichment.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.5 %e0
- Comparator
- white light enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In young lettuce, control increased CO 2 assimilation relative to blue and white light enrichment by 59.2 % and 45.5 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Young lettuce showed no significant differences in stomatal conductance, transpiration, or intercellular CO2 among the stated treatments.
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, transpiration, and intercellular CO₂e0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences observed in stomatal conductance, transpiration, and intercellular CO₂”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature lettuce under red-blue light had higher CO2 assimilation than under blue light.
- Treatment
- red-blue light enrichmente0
- Outcome
- CO₂ assimilatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.5 %e0
- Comparator
- blue treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“red-blue light enrichment increased CO₂ assimilation by 34.5 % compared to the blue treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient control enhanced stomatal conductance and transpiration versus red, white, and blue enriched light.
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and transpiratione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- red, white, and blue light enrichmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the control enhanced stomatal conductance and transpiration compared to red, white, and blue light enrichment”
Claim · model-written summary
Red-blue light increased quercetin accumulation in young lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- red-blue lighte0
- Outcome
- accumulation of quercetine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 113.5 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red-blue light significantly increased the accumulation of quercetin and chlorogenic acid in young lettuce by 113.5 % and 36.8 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Red-blue light increased chlorogenic acid accumulation in young lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- red-blue lighte0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.8 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red-blue light significantly increased the accumulation of quercetin and chlorogenic acid in young lettuce by 113.5 % and 36.8 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
FLS and C3H expression was upregulated in young lettuce under red-blue light.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“coinciding with the upregulation of the FLS and C3H gene expressions”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light increased quercetin in mature lettuce versus red light.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“blue light promoted quercetin accumulation (39.1 % and 34.8 % more than the red and white light enrichment, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light increased quercetin in mature lettuce versus white light.
- Treatment
- blue lighte0
- Outcome
- quercetin accumulatione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 34.8 %e0
- Comparator
- white light enrichmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“blue light promoted quercetin accumulation (39.1 % and 34.8 % more than the red and white light enrichment, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light did not change gene expression in mature lettuce.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“without changing gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Red-blue light enhanced chlorogenic acid in mature lettuce.
- Treatment
- red-blue enrichmente0
- Outcome
- chlorogenice0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 7.7–47.4 %e0
- Comparator
- another treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“red-blue enrichment enhanced chlorogenic and chicoric acid levels relative to the another treatments, within ranges of 7.7–47.4 % and 14.5–29.0 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Red-blue light enhanced chicoric acid in mature lettuce.
- Treatment
- red-blue enrichmente0
- Outcome
- chicoric acid levelse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 14.5–29.0 %e0
- Comparator
- another treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“red-blue enrichment enhanced chlorogenic and chicoric acid levels relative to the another treatments, within ranges of 7.7–47.4 % and 14.5–29.0 %, respectively”
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