Abstract
This study investigated the foliar uptake, metabolism, and phytotoxicity of two common citric acid esters (CAEs), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC), in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. After 14 days of exposure, the accumulation of ATBC in leaves (350.30 μg kg –1 ) exceeded that of ATEC (320.48 μg kg –1 ). In contrast, ATEC exhibited a translocation efficiency higher than that of ATBC, attributable to its greater hydrophilicity and smaller molecular size. Metabolite profiling revealed shared metabolic pathways, including deacetylation, carboxylic-ester hydrolysis, and O-debutylation. Both CAEs significantly inhibited seedling growth and reduced the photosynthetic rate, with ATBC exerting a stronger inhibitory effect. The two compounds also directly bound to the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, with ATEC exhibiting a higher binding affinity compared to ATBC. These results elucidate the metabolic transformation and phytotoxic mechanisms of CAEs in an edible vegetable, providing valuable insights for the environmental risk assessment of such contaminants.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
ATBC accumulated in lettuce leaves at 350.30 μg kg –1 after 14 days, exceeding ATEC.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Compound
- ATBCe1
- Outcome
- accumulation of ATBC in leavese1
- Direction
- exceedede1
- Value
- 350.30 μg kg –1e1
- Comparator
- ATECe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e1“After 14 days of exposure, the accumulation of ATBC in leaves (350.30 μg kg –1 ) exceeded that of ATEC (320.48 μg kg –1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
ATEC showed a higher translocation efficiency than ATBC in lettuce, owing to its greater hydrophilicity and smaller molecular size.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Compound
- ATECe2
- Outcome
- translocation efficiencye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- greater hydrophilicity and smaller molecular sizee2
- Comparator
- ATBCe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“In contrast, ATEC exhibited a translocation efficiency higher than that of ATBC, attributable to its greater hydrophilicity and smaller molecular size”
Claim · model-written summary
ATBC and ATEC share metabolic pathways in lettuce: deacetylation, carboxylic-ester hydrolysis and O-debutylation.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- shared metabolic pathwayse3
- Qualifier
- deacetylation, carboxylic-ester hydrolysis, and O-debutylatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e3“Metabolite profiling revealed shared metabolic pathways, including deacetylation, carboxylic-ester hydrolysis, and O-debutylation”
Claim · model-written summary
CAEs significantly inhibited lettuce seedling growth.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- CAEse4
- Outcome
- seedling growthe4
- Direction
- inhibitede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e4“Both CAEs significantly inhibited seedling growth and reduced the photosynthetic rate, with ATBC exerting a stronger inhibitory effect”
Claim · model-written summary
CAEs reduced the photosynthetic rate of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- CAEse4
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e4“Both CAEs significantly inhibited seedling growth and reduced the photosynthetic rate, with ATBC exerting a stronger inhibitory effect”
Claim · model-written summary
ATBC had a stronger inhibitory effect on lettuce than ATEC.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- ATBCe4
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte4
- Direction
- strongere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e4“Both CAEs significantly inhibited seedling growth and reduced the photosynthetic rate, with ATBC exerting a stronger inhibitory effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Both CAEs directly bound to the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee5
- Outcome
- directly bound to the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutasee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e5“The two compounds also directly bound to the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, with ATEC exhibiting a higher binding affinity compared to ATBC”
Claim · model-written summary
ATEC had a higher binding affinity to superoxide dismutase than ATBC.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee5
- Compound
- ATECe5
- Outcome
- binding affinitye5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- ATBCe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings”
e5“The two compounds also directly bound to the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, with ATEC exhibiting a higher binding affinity compared to ATBC”
The same questions in other papers
citric acid · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →ester · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.