Abstract
ABSTRACT Weed competition is a major constraint to chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) production under low‐input agroecological systems. A two‐season field study (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) conducted at the Experimental Farm of the National School of Agriculture, Meknès, Morocco, evaluated seven treatments (T0–T6) arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications: T0, unweeded control; T1, manual weeding; T2, wheat straw mulch; T3, sawdust mulch; T4, wheat straw + 5% fermented nettle extract ( Urtica dioica ); T5, wheat straw + 10% fermented nettle extract and T6, sawdust + 10% fermented nettle extract. Mulches were applied at the early vegetative stage, and fermented extracts were applied once as a foliar spray at the late vegetative stage to enhance crop growth and competitiveness. Weed control efficiency (WCE), based on aboveground weed biomass, indicated that T3 and T4 were the most effective treatments in the first year (92.2% and 77.9%, respectively), whereas T5 and T6 achieved 91.6% and 78.7% in the second year. Grain yield was highest under T3 (1.95 t ha −1 ) and T5 (1.82 t ha −1 ) in the first year, and under T6 (2.06 t ha −1 ) and T3 (1.61 t ha −1 ) in the second year, all significantly higher than T0. Nodule dry weight, number of seeds per plant and 100‐seed weight were also improved, likely due to reduced weed competition, improved soil microclimate resulting from mulching and enhanced nutrient availability from the fermented nettle extract. These results demonstrate that combining organic mulches with foliar bioinputs can effectively suppress weeds and increase chickpea productivity, offering a sustainable strategy for semi‐arid agroecological systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sawdust mulch achieved 92.2% weed control efficiency in the first year.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- sawdust mulche1
- Outcome
- most effective treatmentse2
- Direction
- most effectivee2
- Value
- 92.2%e2
- Qualifier
- first yeare2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T3, sawdust mulch”
e2“T3 and T4 were the most effective treatments in the first year (92.2% and 77.9%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw plus 5% fermented nettle extract achieved 77.9% weed control efficiency in the first year.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw + 5% fermented nettle extracte1
- Outcome
- most effective treatmentse2
- Direction
- most effectivee2
- Value
- 77.9%e2
- Qualifier
- first yeare2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T4, wheat straw + 5% fermented nettle extract”
e2“T3 and T4 were the most effective treatments in the first year (92.2% and 77.9%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw plus 10% fermented nettle extract achieved 91.6% weed control efficiency in the second year.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw + 10% fermented nettle extracte1
- Outcome
- Weed control efficiency (WCE)e3
- Value
- 91.6%e2
- Qualifier
- second yeare2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T5, wheat straw + 10% fermented nettle extract”
e2“T5 and T6 achieved 91.6% and 78.7% in the second year”
e3“Weed control efficiency (WCE)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sawdust plus 10% fermented nettle extract achieved 78.7% weed control efficiency in the second year.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- sawdust + 10% fermented nettle extracte1
- Outcome
- Weed control efficiency (WCE)e3
- Value
- 78.7%e2
- Qualifier
- second yeare2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T6, sawdust + 10% fermented nettle extract”
e2“T5 and T6 achieved 91.6% and 78.7% in the second year”
e3“Weed control efficiency (WCE)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sawdust mulch produced the highest grain yield of 1.95 t ha −1 in the first year, significantly above the unweeded control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- sawdust mulche1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 1.95 t ha −1e2
- Qualifier
- first yeare2
- Comparator
- unweeded controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T3, sawdust mulch”
e2“Grain yield was highest under T3 (1.95 t ha −1 ) and T5 (1.82 t ha −1 ) in the first year, and under T6 (2.06 t ha −1 ) and T3 (1.61 t ha −1 ) in the second year, all significantly higher than T0”
e3“T0, unweeded control”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw plus 10% fermented nettle extract yielded 1.82 t ha −1 in the first year, significantly above unweeded control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- wheat straw + 10% fermented nettle extracte1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 1.82 t ha −1e2
- Qualifier
- first yeare2
- Comparator
- unweeded controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T5, wheat straw + 10% fermented nettle extract”
e2“Grain yield was highest under T3 (1.95 t ha −1 ) and T5 (1.82 t ha −1 ) in the first year, and under T6 (2.06 t ha −1 ) and T3 (1.61 t ha −1 ) in the second year, all significantly higher than T0”
e3“T0, unweeded control”
Claim · model-written summary
Sawdust plus 10% fermented nettle extract yielded 2.06 t ha −1 in the second year, significantly above unweeded control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- sawdust + 10% fermented nettle extracte1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 2.06 t ha −1e2
- Qualifier
- second yeare2
- Comparator
- unweeded controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T6, sawdust + 10% fermented nettle extract”
e2“Grain yield was highest under T3 (1.95 t ha −1 ) and T5 (1.82 t ha −1 ) in the first year, and under T6 (2.06 t ha −1 ) and T3 (1.61 t ha −1 ) in the second year, all significantly higher than T0”
e3“T0, unweeded control”
Claim · model-written summary
Sawdust mulch yielded 1.61 t ha −1 in the second year, significantly above unweeded control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- sawdust mulche1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 1.61 t ha −1e2
- Qualifier
- second yeare2
- Comparator
- unweeded controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“T3, sawdust mulch”
e2“Grain yield was highest under T3 (1.95 t ha −1 ) and T5 (1.82 t ha −1 ) in the first year, and under T6 (2.06 t ha −1 ) and T3 (1.61 t ha −1 ) in the second year, all significantly higher than T0”
e3“T0, unweeded control”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule dry weight, seeds per plant, and 100-seed weight also improved under the tested treatments.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- Nodule dry weight, number of seeds per plant and 100‐seed weighte1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“Nodule dry weight, number of seeds per plant and 100‐seed weight were also improved”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that organic mulches with foliar bioinputs can suppress weeds and increase chickpea productivity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- suppress weeds and increase chickpea productivitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“combining organic mulches with foliar bioinputs can effectively suppress weeds and increase chickpea productivity”
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