Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Marginal water sources, such as wastewater, have been proposed as the basis for hydroponic nutrient solutions to improve the resource efficiency of greenhouse‐based tomato production. Such water sources are often low in plant‐available nutrient concentrations, and uptake and use efficiency of these nutrients may vary widely among tomato varieties. Water and nutrient uptake are strongly influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature and air humidity (summarized by the term VPD [vapor pressure deficit]). Aim In‐depth understanding of the interactions between environmental conditions (VPD) and variety‐specific nutrient acquisition is required to optimize the use of marginal water in hydroponic tomato production. Methods In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated water use, nutrient uptake, plant growth, and biomass partitioning in four tomato varieties (“Saluoso,” “Sweeterno,” “Reddery,” and “Moneymaker”) over 30 days under two VPDs (2.1 kPa and 0.3 kPa). Plants were grown in weakly concentrated nutrient solutions (20 mg L −1 N, 5.1 mg L −1 P) using deep‐water hydroponics. Results Evapotranspiration, nutrient uptake, and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher under high VPD (2.1 kPa) compared with low VPD (0.3 kPa), with strong varietal differences. In “Reddery,” biomass and leaf area were higher by factors of 2.0 and 3.0, respectively, under high VPD (2.1 kPa), whereas in “Moneymaker,” they were higher by factors of 1.2 and 1.5. Cumulative N and PO 4 –P uptake was significantly higher under high VPD, with “Saluoso” and “Sweeterno” showing up to twice the total uptake of “Moneymaker” and “Reddery.” Under low VPD (0.3 kPa), transpiration rates as well as calcium and potassium concentrations in leaves were reduced. Conclusions As a consequence, using marginal water sources in high VPD environments requires careful optimization of nutrient solution management, as well as the selection of suitable crop varieties and appropriate cultivation systems able to maintain nutrient uptake and thus productivity under increased transpiration.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
High VPD significantly raised evapotranspiration, nutrient uptake, and dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- high VPD (2.1 kPa)e0
- Outcome
- Evapotranspiration, nutrient uptake, and dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- low VPD (0.3 kPa)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Evapotranspiration, nutrient uptake, and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher under high VPD (2.1 kPa) compared with low VPD (0.3 kPa)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Reddery biomass doubled at high VPD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Redderye0
- Treatment
- high VPD (2.1 kPa)e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In “Reddery,” biomass and leaf area were higher by factors of 2.0 and 3.0, respectively, under high VPD (2.1 kPa)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Reddery leaf area tripled at high VPD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Redderye0
- Treatment
- high VPD (2.1 kPa)e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In “Reddery,” biomass and leaf area were higher by factors of 2.0 and 3.0, respectively, under high VPD (2.1 kPa)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Moneymaker biomass was 1.2 times higher at high VPD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Moneymakere0
- Treatment
- high VPD (2.1 kPa)e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In “Reddery,” biomass and leaf area were higher by factors of 2.0 and 3.0, respectively, under high VPD (2.1 kPa), whereas in “Moneymaker,” they were higher by factors of 1.2 and 1.5”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Moneymaker leaf area was 1.5 times higher at high VPD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Moneymakere0
- Treatment
- high VPD (2.1 kPa)e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In “Reddery,” biomass and leaf area were higher by factors of 2.0 and 3.0, respectively, under high VPD (2.1 kPa), whereas in “Moneymaker,” they were higher by factors of 1.2 and 1.5”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative nitrogen and phosphate uptake was significantly higher at high VPD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high VPDe0
- Outcome
- Cumulative N and PO 4 –P uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cumulative N and PO 4 –P uptake was significantly higher under high VPD”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Saluoso and Sweeterno had up to twice the total uptake of Moneymaker and Reddery.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Saluosoe0
- Outcome
- total uptakee0
- Value
- twicee0
- Comparator
- Moneymakere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0““Saluoso” and “Sweeterno” showing up to twice the total uptake of “Moneymaker””
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Low VPD reduced transpiration and leaf calcium and potassium concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- low VPD (0.3 kPa)e0
- Outcome
- transpiration rates as well as calcium and potassium concentrations in leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under low VPD (0.3 kPa), transpiration rates as well as calcium and potassium concentrations in leaves were reduced”
t0“tomato”
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