Abstract
ABSTRACT Organic fertilisers enhance crop drought resilience by improving nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use efficiency and soil‐plant water relations. However, the underlying mechanisms governing their effects across different drought timings in wheat under sandy soils remain unclear. This 120‐day controlled‐environment experiment assessed how compost, sheep manure, and their combinations applied at 25 g kg − 1 ameliorate wheat yield under drought (35%WHC; −10 kPa) imposed at two timings: early‐ (tillering, 20 DAS) and late‐stage drought (heading, 60 DAS) in a sandy soil. The manure alone and combined amendments (CM 50 SM 50 ≈ CM 25 SM 75, ≈CM 75 SM 25 > SM 100 ) retained more soil moisture compared to the compost alone treatment. Compared with the control, compost and the half‐half‐blend with manure increased grain yield by up to 2.3‐fold under early drought and only 1.4‐fold under late drought. The compost‐rich treatments increased root N uptake by 2.6–3.5 fold and sustained grain‐based N utilisation efficiency during early drought. Manure‐rich treatments showed higher P uptake, but P utilisation efficiency remained lower compared with the compost‐rich treatments across drought timings. During early drought, half‐half‐blend increased soil organic carbon by 90%, and plant available water by 21% over the unamended control. Compost‐rich treatments improved microbial N mineralisation under early drought by increasing microbial biomass nitrogen by 8.1‐fold and nitrate‐N by 2.4‐fold. The Partial Least Squares Path Modelling analysis confirmed the relationship between field capacity, microbial activity, nutrient availability, and grain yield. Oveall, manure‐rich treatments enhanced moisture retention, while compost‐rich treatments balanced nutrient acquisition and utilisation by rapid P supply from manure with sustained N mineralisation from compost, enhancing wheat resilience more under early than late drought. Therefore, we recommend compost and manure combination as a potential approach to increase dryland wheat yield during early‐stage droughts in sandy soils.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Manure and combined amendments retained more soil moisture than compost alone.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- manure alone and combined amendmentse0
- Outcome
- soil moisturee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- compost alone treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The manure alone and combined amendments (CM 50 SM 50 ≈ CM 25 SM 75, ≈CM 75 SM 25 > SM 100 ) retained more soil moisture compared to the compost alone treatment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost and a half manure blend increased wheat grain yield by 2.3‐fold under early drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost and the half‐half‐blend with manuree0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.3‐folde0
- Qualifier
- early droughte0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, compost and the half‐half‐blend with manure increased grain yield by up to 2.3‐fold under early drought and only 1.4‐fold under late drought.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost and a half manure blend increased wheat grain yield by 1.4‐fold under late drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost and the half‐half‐blend with manuree0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.4‐folde0
- Qualifier
- late droughte0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, compost and the half‐half‐blend with manure increased grain yield by up to 2.3‐fold under early drought and only 1.4‐fold under late drought.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-rich treatments increased wheat root nitrogen uptake by 2.6–3.5 fold.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.6–3.5 folde0
- Qualifier
- during early droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The compost‐rich treatments increased root N uptake by 2.6–3.5 fold and sustained grain‐based N utilisation efficiency during early drought.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-rich treatments sustained wheat grain nitrogen utilization efficiency during early drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain‐based N utilisation efficiencye0
- Direction
- sustainede0
- Qualifier
- during early droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The compost‐rich treatments increased root N uptake by 2.6–3.5 fold and sustained grain‐based N utilisation efficiency during early drought.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure-rich treatments had higher wheat phosphorus uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Manure‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manure‐rich treatments showed higher P uptake, but P utilisation efficiency remained lower compared with the compost‐rich treatments across drought timings.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure-rich treatments had lower wheat phosphorus use efficiency than compost-rich treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Manure‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- P utilisation efficiencye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- compost‐rich treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manure‐rich treatments showed higher P uptake, but P utilisation efficiency remained lower compared with the compost‐rich treatments across drought timings.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The half blend increased soil organic carbon by 90% under early drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half‐half‐blende0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90%e0
- Qualifier
- During early droughte0
- Comparator
- unamended controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During early drought, half‐half‐blend increased soil organic carbon by 90%, and plant available water by 21% over the unamended control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The half blend increased plant available water by 21% under early drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- half‐half‐blende0
- Outcome
- plant available watere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- During early droughte0
- Comparator
- unamended controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During early drought, half‐half‐blend increased soil organic carbon by 90%, and plant available water by 21% over the unamended control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-rich treatments increased microbial biomass nitrogen by 8.1‐fold under early drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Compost‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 8.1‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost‐rich treatments improved microbial N mineralisation under early drought by increasing microbial biomass nitrogen by 8.1‐fold and nitrate‐N by 2.4‐fold.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-rich treatments increased nitrate‐N by 2.4‐fold under early drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Compost‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nitrate‐Ne0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 2.4‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost‐rich treatments improved microbial N mineralisation under early drought by increasing microbial biomass nitrogen by 8.1‐fold and nitrate‐N by 2.4‐fold.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-rich treatments improved microbial nitrogen mineralization under early drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Compost‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- microbial N mineralisatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost‐rich treatments improved microbial N mineralisation under early drought by increasing microbial biomass nitrogen by 8.1‐fold and nitrate‐N by 2.4‐fold.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Path modeling found relationships among field capacity, microbial activity, nutrient availability and wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- relationship between field capacity, microbial activity, nutrient availability, and grain yielde0
- Setting
- field capacitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Partial Least Squares Path Modelling analysis confirmed the relationship between field capacity, microbial activity, nutrient availability, and grain yield.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure-rich treatments enhanced moisture retention.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- manure‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- moisture retentione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oveall, manure‐rich treatments enhanced moisture retention, while compost‐rich treatments balanced nutrient acquisition and utilisation by rapid P supply from manure with sustained N mineralisation from compost, enhancing wheat resilience more under early than late drought.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-rich treatments enhanced wheat resilience more under early than late drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost‐rich treatmentse0
- Outcome
- wheat resiliencee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- earlye0
- Comparator
- late droughte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oveall, manure‐rich treatments enhanced moisture retention, while compost‐rich treatments balanced nutrient acquisition and utilisation by rapid P supply from manure with sustained N mineralisation from compost, enhancing wheat resilience more under early than late drought.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend compost and manure together to increase dryland wheat yield under early drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- compost and manure combinatione0
- Outcome
- increase dryland wheat yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, we recommend compost and manure combination as a potential approach to increase dryland wheat yield during early‐stage droughts in sandy soils.”
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