Abstract
Abstract Protein is a primary quality component of cereal grains. Protein concentration is influenced by both environmental and genotypic factors that are difficult to separate. In the present study, a series of cultivar and agronomic trials were conducted on several Saskatchewan soil types with the objective of characterizing the influence of genotype and environment on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) grain protein concentration and N use efficiency (NUE) for grain protein production. Minimum protein concentration of 95.4 g protein kg −1 dry grain was expressed when cultivars were produced under high productivity conditions on soils with low total plant available N. Minimum protein concentration was maintained until N was no longer the factor most limiting grain yield. At this point, the protein concentration‐N response curve of a cultivar entered an increased phase. Any environmental (e.g., water or time of N availability) or genotypic factor that increased yield potential also increased the amount of N required to initiate the increase phase of the grain protein concentration N‐response curve. Asymptotic maximum protein concentration was determined by both environmental and genotypic factor. Maximum protein concentration at high levels of N varied from 130 to 231 and 107 to 177 g protein kg −1 dry grain for winter wheat and rye, respectively. At low levels of total available N, the NUE for grain protein production approached 80%. The NUE for grain protein production dropped off rapidly for subsequent increments of N fertilizer, approaching zero for maximum grain yield and reaching zero when maximum grain protein yield was achieved. The end of the increase phase of the protein concentration‐N response curve occurred at approximately the same available N level as maximum grain yield. These observations indicate that management systems designed for the production of cereals with high grain protein concentrations will have a very low NUE for grain and grain protein production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum grain protein concentration was 95.4 g protein kg −1 dry grain under high productivity and low available nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)
Secale cereale
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- protein concentratione0
- Direction
- Minimume0
- Value
- 95.4 g protein kg −1 dry graine0
- Qualifier
- high productivity conditions on soils with low total plant available Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum protein concentration of 95.4 g protein kg −1 dry grain was expressed when cultivars were produced under high productivity conditions on soils with low total plant available N”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum protein concentration persisted until nitrogen ceased to be the factor most limiting grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- protein concentratione0
- Qualifier
- N was no longer the factor most limiting grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum protein concentration was maintained until N was no longer the factor most limiting grain yield”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein concentration then entered an increased phase of its nitrogen response.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- protein concentration‐N response curvee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protein concentration‐N response curve of a cultivar entered an increased phase”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Factors increasing yield potential raised the nitrogen required to initiate the protein concentration increase phase.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- amount of N required to initiate the increase phasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- environmental (e.g., water or time of N availability) or genotypic factor that increased yield potentiale0
- Setting
- water or time of N availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Any environmental (e.g., water or time of N availability) or genotypic factor that increased yield potential also increased the amount of N required to initiate the increase phase of the grain protein concentration N‐response curve”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental and genotypic factors determined asymptotic maximum protein concentration.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- Asymptotic maximum protein concentratione0
- Qualifier
- environmental and genotypic factore0
- Setting
- environmentale0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Asymptotic maximum protein concentration was determined by both environmental and genotypic factor”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat maximum protein concentration at high nitrogen ranged from 130 to 231 g protein kg −1 dry grain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Maximum protein concentratione0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 130 to 231e0
- Qualifier
- high levels of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum protein concentration at high levels of N varied from 130 to 231 and 107 to 177 g protein kg −1 dry grain for winter wheat and rye, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye maximum protein concentration at high nitrogen ranged from 107 to 177 g protein kg −1 dry grain.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Outcome
- Maximum protein concentratione0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 107 to 177 g protein kg −1 dry graine0
- Qualifier
- high levels of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum protein concentration at high levels of N varied from 130 to 231 and 107 to 177 g protein kg −1 dry grain for winter wheat and rye, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At low available nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency for grain protein production approached 80%.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- NUE for grain protein productione0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- low levels of total available Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At low levels of total available N, the NUE for grain protein production approached 80%”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency for grain protein production declined rapidly with subsequent nitrogen fertilizer increments, approaching zero at maximum grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- subsequent increments of N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- NUE for grain protein productione0
- Direction
- dropped off rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- maximum grain yielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NUE for grain protein production dropped off rapidly for subsequent increments of N fertilizer, approaching zero for maximum grain yield”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency for grain protein production reached zero at maximum grain protein yield.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- grain protein yielde0
- Direction
- reaching zeroe0
- Qualifier
- maximum grain protein yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reaching zero when maximum grain protein yield was achieved”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The protein concentration increase phase ended at approximately the same available nitrogen level as maximum grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- end of the increase phase of the protein concentration‐N response curvee0
- Qualifier
- approximately the same available N level as maximum grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The end of the increase phase of the protein concentration‐N response curve occurred at approximately the same available N level as maximum grain yield”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Management for high cereal grain protein concentration is expected to have very low nitrogen use efficiency for grain and protein production.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)Secale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- very low NUE for grain and grain protein productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“management systems designed for the production of cereals with high grain protein concentrations will have a very low NUE for grain and grain protein production”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.)”
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