Abstract
This study explored the pivotal role of exogenous plant growth regulators in enhancing salt tolerance in rice. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of gibberellin (GA₃) and prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) under NaCl stress remain unclear. The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress. This study explored the mitigating effects of foliar application of gibberellin (GA₃) and prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) on plant growth, carbon metabolism, and cellular energy metabolism in rice seedlings under NaCl stress. Foliar application of GA₃ and Pro-Ca significantly restored rice morphogenesis under NaCl stress. Pro-Ca application significantly enhanced root development in GH3 and FL478 by 15.67% and 8.65%, respectively. GA₃ primarily promoted shoot growth, increasing plant height by 10.04% in GH3 and 12.32% in FL478. Regarding energy metabolism, Pro-Ca increased root ATP content by 23.11% and energy charge by 5.78% in GH3, while in FL478, it elevated root ATP by 7.03%. In contrast, GA₃ raised leaf ATP content by 7.19% in GH3. Regarding carbon metabolism, Pro-Ca effectively enhanced sucrose content by 25.99% and sucrose phosphate synthase activity by 35.67% in FL478. GA₃ showed significantly improved photosynthetic rate by 56.08% and photochemical efficiency by 26.25% in GH3. The results demonstrated that Pro-Ca and GA₃enhanced salt tolerance in rice by differentially regulating energy metabolism and carbon metabolism. FL478 exhibited a stronger response to Pro-Ca’s optimization of root energy metabolism, whereas GH3 showed greater sensitivity to GA₃’s maintenance of shoot energy status. These findings provide a theoretical basis for using exogenous regulators like Pro-Ca and GA₃ to enhance rice productivity in saline-alkali soils.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA3 and Pro-Ca significantly restored rice morphogenesis under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Foliar application of GA₃ and Pro-Cae2
- Outcome
- morphogenesise2
- Direction
- restorede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e2“Foliar application of GA₃ and Pro-Ca significantly restored rice morphogenesis under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca significantly enhanced root development of GH3 rice seedlings by 15.67%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e1
- Treatment
- Pro-Ca applicatione3
- Outcome
- root developmente3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 15.67%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e3“Pro-Ca application significantly enhanced root development in GH3 and FL478 by 15.67% and 8.65%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca significantly enhanced root development of FL478 rice seedlings by 8.65%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e1
- Treatment
- Pro-Ca applicatione3
- Outcome
- root developmente3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 8.65%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e3“Pro-Ca application significantly enhanced root development in GH3 and FL478 by 15.67% and 8.65%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 increased plant height of GH3 rice seedlings by 10.04%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e1
- Treatment
- GA₃e4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 10.04%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e4“GA₃ primarily promoted shoot growth, increasing plant height by 10.04% in GH3 and 12.32% in FL478”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 increased plant height of FL478 rice seedlings by 12.32%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e1
- Treatment
- GA₃e4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 12.32%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e4“GA₃ primarily promoted shoot growth, increasing plant height by 10.04% in GH3 and 12.32% in FL478”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca increased root ATP content of GH3 rice seedlings by 23.11%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e1
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae5
- Outcome
- root ATP contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 23.11%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e5“Pro-Ca increased root ATP content by 23.11% and energy charge by 5.78% in GH3, while in FL478, it elevated root ATP by 7.03%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca increased energy charge of GH3 rice seedlings by 5.78%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e1
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae5
- Outcome
- energy chargee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 5.78%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e5“Pro-Ca increased root ATP content by 23.11% and energy charge by 5.78% in GH3, while in FL478, it elevated root ATP by 7.03%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca elevated root ATP content of FL478 rice seedlings by 7.03%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e1
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae5
- Outcome
- root ATPe5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Value
- 7.03%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e5“Pro-Ca increased root ATP content by 23.11% and energy charge by 5.78% in GH3, while in FL478, it elevated root ATP by 7.03%”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 raised leaf ATP content of GH3 rice seedlings by 7.19%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e1
- Treatment
- GA₃e6
- Outcome
- leaf ATP contente6
- Direction
- raisede6
- Value
- 7.19%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e6“In contrast, GA₃ raised leaf ATP content by 7.19% in GH3”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca enhanced sucrose content of FL478 rice seedlings by 25.99%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e1
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae7
- Outcome
- sucrose contente7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 25.99%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e7“Pro-Ca effectively enhanced sucrose content by 25.99% and sucrose phosphate synthase activity by 35.67% in FL478”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca enhanced sucrose phosphate synthase activity of FL478 rice seedlings by 35.67%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e1
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae7
- Outcome
- sucrose phosphate synthase activitye7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 35.67%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e7“Pro-Ca effectively enhanced sucrose content by 25.99% and sucrose phosphate synthase activity by 35.67% in FL478”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 significantly improved photosynthetic rate of GH3 rice seedlings by 56.08%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e1
- Treatment
- GA₃e2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 56.08%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e2“GA₃ showed significantly improved photosynthetic rate by 56.08% and photochemical efficiency by 26.25% in GH3”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 significantly improved photochemical efficiency of GH3 rice seedlings by 26.25%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e1
- Treatment
- GA₃e2
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiencye2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 26.25%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e1“The salt tolerant variety Guanghong 3 (GH3) and the salt-sensitive variety FL478 were used as experimental materials to examine the effects of NaCl (80 mM) stress”
e2“GA₃ showed significantly improved photosynthetic rate by 56.08% and photochemical efficiency by 26.25% in GH3”
Claim · model-written summary
FL478 rice seedlings showed a stronger response to Pro-Ca optimization of root energy metabolism.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e2
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae2
- Outcome
- root energy metabolisme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e2“FL478 exhibited a stronger response to Pro-Ca’s optimization of root energy metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
GH3 rice seedlings showed greater sensitivity to GA3 maintenance of shoot energy status.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GH3e2
- Treatment
- GA₃e2
- Outcome
- shoot energy statuse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Differential regulation of rice seedling morphogenesis”
e2“GH3 showed greater sensitivity to GA₃’s maintenance of shoot energy status”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.