Abstract
Introduction The current nitrogen fertilizer application methods during rice ( Oryza sativa L .) transplanting have many problems. To address the problems, a new method, the full root-zone fertilizer application method (RF), was applied during transplanting. Methods To investigate the impact of the RF method compared with other fertilizer methods on rice productivity, three repeated experiments were carried in different sites in South China from 2022 to 2023, involving four treatments being four fertilizer application methods: no nitrogen fertilizer applied throughout whole growth cycle (C), RF, deep-side fertilizer application (DF), and manually broadcasting fertilizer application (BF). All treatments applied 100 kg ha -1 N during transplanting except C. Results and Discussion The experiment results demonstrated that at the tillering stage, the RF method significantly enhanced rice root characteristics over the BF method, with increases of 24.41% in average root length, 34.93% in diameter, and 25.22% in total root surface area. The tiller number and the antioxidant enzymes activity under the RF method were significantly higher than the DF and BF methods during the rice growth period. The rice yield under RF method increased 13.87% to 33.41% compared with BF and DF methods. This increase was associated with superior performance in effective panicle number and seed setting rate at maturity. The RF method also significantly enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) compared to other methods, by reducing nitrogen loss and improving plant nitrogen uptake. Additionally, the RF method increased net income by 31.77% to 45.33% over the DF and BF methods by raising the total rice value.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased average root length by 24.41% versus BF.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- average root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 24.41%e0
- Comparator
- BF methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the RF method significantly enhanced rice root characteristics over the BF method, with increases of 24.41% in average root length, 34.93% in diameter, and 25.22% in total root surface area.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased root diameter by 34.93% versus BF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- diametere0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 34.93%e0
- Comparator
- BF methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the RF method significantly enhanced rice root characteristics over the BF method, with increases of 24.41% in average root length, 34.93% in diameter, and 25.22% in total root surface area.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased root surface area by 25.22% versus BF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- total root surface areae0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 25.22%e0
- Comparator
- BF methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the RF method significantly enhanced rice root characteristics over the BF method, with increases of 24.41% in average root length, 34.93% in diameter, and 25.22% in total root surface area.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased tiller number versus DF and BF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- tiller numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- DF and BF methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tiller number and the antioxidant enzymes activity under the RF method were significantly higher than the DF and BF methods during the rice growth period.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased antioxidant enzyme activity versus DF and BF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- DF and BF methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tiller number and the antioxidant enzymes activity under the RF method were significantly higher than the DF and BF methods during the rice growth period.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased rice yield by 13.87% to 33.41% versus BF and DF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.87% to 33.41%e0
- Comparator
- BF and DF methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice yield under RF method increased 13.87% to 33.41% compared with BF and DF methods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased yield under RF was associated with effective panicle number.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“This increase was associated with superior performance in effective panicle number and seed setting rate at maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased yield under RF was associated with seed setting rate.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“This increase was associated with superior performance in effective panicle number and seed setting rate at maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF enhanced nitrogen use efficiency relative to other methods.
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- other methodse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The RF method also significantly enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) compared to other methods, by reducing nitrogen loss and improving plant nitrogen uptake.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF reduced nitrogen loss relative to other methods.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The RF method also significantly enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) compared to other methods, by reducing nitrogen loss and improving plant nitrogen uptake.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF improved plant nitrogen uptake relative to other methods.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The RF method also significantly enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) compared to other methods, by reducing nitrogen loss and improving plant nitrogen uptake.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased net income by 31.77% to 45.33% over DF and BF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.77% to 45.33%e0
- Comparator
- DF and BF methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the RF method increased net income by 31.77% to 45.33% over the DF and BF methods by raising the total rice value.”
Claim · model-written summary
RF raised total rice value relative to DF and BF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF methode0
- Outcome
- total rice valuee0
- Direction
- raisinge0
- Comparator
- DF and BF methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the RF method increased net income by 31.77% to 45.33% over the DF and BF methods by raising the total rice value.”
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