Abstract
Abstract The soil legacy of successively grown winter wheat (WW) often leads to lower plant growth and yield. In this study, we assessed the effect of Bacillus pumilus seed inoculation on the early growth of successively grown WW. We conducted an outdoor experiment using newly designed temperature-regulated rhizotrons. WW was grown in soil from two rotational positions, i.e., first WW after oilseed rape (W1) and second WW after oilseed rape (W2), until the end of tillering. We measured several plant and soil biochemical parameters. In addition, amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced to account for bacterial and archaeal community shifts in the rhizosphere, and functional genes involved in the nitrogen cycle were quantified to estimate possible changes in N cycling due to B. pumilus inoculation. B. pumilus seed coating significantly compensated for the early growth reduction of W2, and this effect was primarily linked to changes in root plasticity with a higher root length density and a smaller specific root length in inoculated W2 compared with non-inoculated W2. There was a higher LAP activity in the rhizosphere of inoculated W2 plants than in the rhizosphere of non-inoculated W2 plants and this was followed by a reduction in soil NO 3 − , most probably due to an enhanced plant N uptake capacity. This was also shown in the increased potassium content of the inoculated W2 plants compared with their non-inoculated counterparts. B. pumilus seed coating did not influence the bacterial and archaeal alpha and beta diversity, but differential abundance analysis identified differences in the relative abundance of certain taxa between non-inoculated and inoculated W2. While B. pumilus seed coating significantly improved root growth and nutrient uptake in W2, this was not accompanied by a higher absolute abundance of bacterial or archaeal genes involved in N-cycling. Our study suggests that certain plant-beneficial microbes can reverse the negative plant-soil feedback in successive WW rotations and provides strong evidence of B. pumilus seed coating to promote WW productivity under such rotations.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus pumilus seed coating significantly compensated for the early growth reduction of second winter wheat compared with non-inoculated second winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- B. pumilus seed coatinge1
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- early growth reductione1
- Direction
- compensated fore1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated W2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“B. pumilus seed coating significantly compensated for the early growth reduction of W2, and this effect was primarily linked to changes in root plasticity with a higher root length density and a smaller specific root length in inoculated W2 compared with non-inoculated W2”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated second winter wheat had a higher root length density than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- inoculated W2e1
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- root length densitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated W2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“B. pumilus seed coating significantly compensated for the early growth reduction of W2, and this effect was primarily linked to changes in root plasticity with a higher root length density and a smaller specific root length in inoculated W2 compared with non-inoculated W2”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated second winter wheat had a smaller specific root length than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- inoculated W2e1
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- specific root lengthe1
- Direction
- smallere1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated W2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“B. pumilus seed coating significantly compensated for the early growth reduction of W2, and this effect was primarily linked to changes in root plasticity with a higher root length density and a smaller specific root length in inoculated W2 compared with non-inoculated W2”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
The compensation of early growth reduction is primarily linked to changes in root plasticity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- early growth reductione1
- Qualifier
- changes in root plasticitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“B. pumilus seed coating significantly compensated for the early growth reduction of W2, and this effect was primarily linked to changes in root plasticity with a higher root length density and a smaller specific root length in inoculated W2 compared with non-inoculated W2”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated second winter wheat had higher LAP activity in the rhizosphere than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rhizospheree2
- Treatment
- inoculated W2 plantse2
- Outcome
- LAP activitye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- non-inoculated W2 plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“There was a higher LAP activity in the rhizosphere of inoculated W2 plants than in the rhizosphere of non-inoculated W2 plants”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated second winter wheat reduced soil NO3− compared with non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated W2 plantse2
- Outcome
- soil NO 3 −e1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated W2 plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“There was a higher LAP activity in the rhizosphere of inoculated W2 plants than in the rhizosphere of non-inoculated W2 plants”
e1“this was followed by a reduction in soil NO 3 − , most probably due to an enhanced plant N uptake capacity”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil NO3− reduction is most probably due to an enhanced plant N uptake capacity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil NO 3 −e1
- Qualifier
- an enhanced plant N uptake capacitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“this was followed by a reduction in soil NO 3 − , most probably due to an enhanced plant N uptake capacity”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated second winter wheat had increased potassium content compared with non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated W2 plantse3
- Outcome
- potassium contente3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- non-inoculated counterpartse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“This was also shown in the increased potassium content of the inoculated W2 plants compared with their non-inoculated counterparts”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus pumilus seed coating did not change bacterial and archaeal alpha and beta diversity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B. pumilus seed coatinge4
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse4symbiont
- Outcome
- bacterial and archaeal alpha and beta diversitye4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“B. pumilus seed coating did not influence the bacterial and archaeal alpha and beta diversity”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Differential abundance analysis identified differences in relative abundance of certain taxa between non-inoculated and inoculated second winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated W2e5
- Outcome
- relative abundance of certain taxae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“differential abundance analysis identified differences in the relative abundance of certain taxa between non-inoculated and inoculated W2”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus pumilus seed coating significantly improved root growth and nutrient uptake of second winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B. pumilus seed coatinge6
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse6symbiont
- Outcome
- root growth and nutrient uptakee6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“While B. pumilus seed coating significantly improved root growth and nutrient uptake in W2, this was not accompanied by a higher absolute abundance of bacterial or archaeal genes involved in N-cycling”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus pumilus seed coating did not increase the absolute abundance of bacterial or archaeal N-cycling genes.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B. pumilus seed coatinge6
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse6symbiont
- Outcome
- absolute abundance of bacterial or archaeal genes involved in N-cyclinge6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“While B. pumilus seed coating significantly improved root growth and nutrient uptake in W2, this was not accompanied by a higher absolute abundance of bacterial or archaeal genes involved in N-cycling”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that B. pumilus seed coating promotes winter wheat productivity under successive rotations.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B. pumilus seed coatinge7
- Interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse7symbiont
- Outcome
- WW productivitye7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“provides strong evidence of B. pumilus seed coating to promote WW productivity under such rotations”
t0“Bacillus seed coating mitigates early growth reduction in successive winter wheat without altering rhizosphere bacterial and archaeal communities”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.