Abstract
Salicylic acid is a promising compound for the reduction of stress sensitivity in plants. Although several biochemical and physiological changes have been described in plants treated with salicylic acid, the mode of action of the various treatments has not yet been clarified. The present work reports a detailed comparative study on the effects of different modes of salicylic acid application at the physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic levels. Seed soaking and hydroponic treatments were found to induce various changes in the protective mechanisms of wheat plants. The possible involvement of the flavonoid metabolism in salicylic acid-related stress signaling was also demonstrated. Different salicylic acid treatments were shown to induce different physiological and biochemical processes, with varying responses in the leaves and roots. Hydroponic treatment enhanced the level of oxidative stress, the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolism and the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds, namely ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and the flavonol quercetin in the leaves, while it decreased the ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonol contents and enhanced ascorbate peroxidase activity in the roots. In contrast, seed soaking only elevated the gene expression level of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in the roots and caused a slight increase in the amount of flavonols. These results draw attention to the fact that the effects of exogenous salicylic acid application cannot be generalized in different experimental systems and that the flavonoid metabolism may be an important part of the action mechanisms induced by salicylic acid.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking induced changes in wheat protective mechanisms.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Seed soakinge0
- Outcome
- protective mechanismse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed soaking and hydroponic treatments were found to induce various changes in the protective mechanisms of wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic treatment induced changes in wheat protective mechanisms.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic treatmentse0
- Outcome
- protective mechanismse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed soaking and hydroponic treatments were found to induce various changes in the protective mechanisms of wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic salicylic acid treatment increased oxidative stress in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Hydroponic treatmente0
- Outcome
- level of oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroponic treatment enhanced the level of oxidative stress, the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolism and the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds, namely ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and the flavonol quercetin in the leaves”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic treatment increased expression of flavonoid metabolism genes in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Hydroponic treatmente0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolisme0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroponic treatment enhanced the level of oxidative stress, the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolism and the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds, namely ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and the flavonol quercetin in the leaves”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic treatment increased ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Hydroponic treatmente0
- Outcome
- ortho-hydroxycinnamic acide0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroponic treatment enhanced the level of oxidative stress, the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolism and the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds, namely ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and the flavonol quercetin in the leaves”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic treatment increased quercetin in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Hydroponic treatmente0
- Outcome
- quercetine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroponic treatment enhanced the level of oxidative stress, the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolism and the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds, namely ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and the flavonol quercetin in the leaves”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic treatment decreased ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Hydroponic treatmente1
- Outcome
- ortho-hydroxycinnamic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased the ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonol contents and enhanced ascorbate peroxidase activity in the roots”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Hydroponic treatment enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic treatment decreased flavonol content in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Hydroponic treatmente1
- Outcome
- flavonol contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased the ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonol contents and enhanced ascorbate peroxidase activity in the roots”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Hydroponic treatment enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic treatment increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Hydroponic treatmente1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased the ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonol contents and enhanced ascorbate peroxidase activity in the roots”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Hydroponic treatment enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking increased expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- seed soakinge0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia lyasee0
- Outcome
- gene expression level of phenylalanine ammonia lyasee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed soaking only elevated the gene expression level of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in the roots and caused a slight increase in the amount of flavonols”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking slightly increased flavonol amount in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed soakinge0
- Outcome
- amount of flavonolse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- slighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed soaking only elevated the gene expression level of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in the roots and caused a slight increase in the amount of flavonols”
t0“Wheat”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.