Abstract
(1) Background: Improving nitrogen use efficiency in peanuts is essential for achieving a high yield with reduced nitrogen fertilizer input. This study investigates the role of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris in regulating nitrogen utilization throughout the entire growth cycle of peanuts. (2) Methods: Field pot experiments and a two-year plot trial were conducted. The effects of Ph. liquidambaris colonization on the rhizosphere microbial community, soil nitrogen forms, and peanut physiology were analyzed. (3) Results: Colonization by Ph. liquidambaris significantly suppressed the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in the rhizosphere at the seedling stage. This led to a transient decrease in nitrate and an increase in ammonium availability, which enhanced nodulation-related physiological responses. Concurrently, the peanut-specific rhizobium Bradyrhizobium sp. was enriched in the rhizosphere, and the root exudates induced by the fungus further stimulated nodulation activity. These early-stage effects promoted the establishment of peanut–Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. During the mid-to-late growth stages, the fungus positively reshaped the composition of key functional microbial groups (including diazotrophs, AOA, and AOB), thereby increasing rhizosphere nitrogen availability. (4) Conclusions: Under low nitrogen fertilization, inoculation with Ph. liquidambaris maintained yield stability in long-term monocropped peanuts by enhancing early nodulation and late-stage rhizosphere nitrogen availability. This study provides a promising microbe-based strategy to support sustainable legume production with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal colonization suppressed rhizosphere ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria at seedling stage.
- Taxon
- peanuts
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Organ / stage
- seedling stagee0
- Treatment
- Colonization by Ph. liquidambarise0
- Interactor
- Ph. liquidambarise0symbiont
- Outcome
- abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB)e0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization by Ph. liquidambaris significantly suppressed the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in the rhizosphere at the seedling stage.”
t0“long-term monocropped peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal colonization transiently decreased rhizosphere nitrate.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Ph. liquidambarist1
- Interactor
- Ph. liquidambarist1symbiont
- Outcome
- nitratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- transiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This led to a transient decrease in nitrate and an increase in ammonium availability”
t0“long-term monocropped peanuts”
t1“Ph. liquidambaris colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal colonization increased rhizosphere ammonium availability.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Ph. liquidambarist1
- Interactor
- Ph. liquidambarist1symbiont
- Outcome
- ammonium availabilitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This led to a transient decrease in nitrate and an increase in ammonium availability”
t0“long-term monocropped peanuts”
t1“Ph. liquidambaris colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
The change enhanced nodulation related physiology.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- nodulation-related physiological responsese0
- Qualifier
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which enhanced nodulation-related physiological responses”
t0“peanut physiology”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium sp. was enriched in the peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium sp.
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- Bradyrhizobium sp. was enrichede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the peanut-specific rhizobium Bradyrhizobium sp. was enriched in the rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungus induced root exudates stimulated nodulation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- nodulation activitye0
- Qualifier
- root exudates induced by the funguse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the root exudates induced by the fungus further stimulated nodulation activity”
t0“peanut physiology”
Claim · model-written summary
The early effects promoted peanut and Bradyrhizobium symbiosis.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- establishment of peanut–Bradyrhizobium symbiosise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These early-stage effects promoted the establishment of peanut–Bradyrhizobium symbiosis.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus reshaped functional microbial group composition at mid to late growth stages.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- mid-to-late growth stagese0
- Treatment
- funguse0
- Interactor
- funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- composition of key functional microbial groupse0
- Direction
- positively reshapede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the mid-to-late growth stages, the fungus positively reshaped the composition of key functional microbial groups (including diazotrophs, AOA, and AOB)”
t0“long-term monocropped peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungal effects increased rhizosphere nitrogen availability.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Ph. liquidambarist1
- Interactor
- Ph. liquidambarist1symbiont
- Outcome
- rhizosphere nitrogen availabilitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby increasing rhizosphere nitrogen availability”
t0“long-term monocropped peanuts”
t1“Ph. liquidambaris colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low nitrogen fertilization, fungal inoculation maintained yield stability in long term monocropped peanuts.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- inoculation with Ph. liquidambarise0
- Interactor
- Ph. liquidambarise0symbiont
- Outcome
- yield stabilitye0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Qualifier
- Under low nitrogen fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under low nitrogen fertilization, inoculation with Ph. liquidambaris maintained yield stability in long-term monocropped peanuts”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.