Abstract
Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is a cold-tolerant leafy vegetable whose metabolic plasticity under frost stress remains underexplored. In this study, leaf tissues from 26 kale accessions grown under open-field conditions were metabolically profiled, focusing on soluble sugars, glucosinolates, and photosynthetic pigments before and after exposure to short-term frost. Frost stress induced significant quantitative and compositional shifts in sugar profiles, notably an accumulation of sucrose, suggesting its role as a key osmoprotectant. Among the twelve glucosinolates identified, indolic compounds dominated the unfrosted profile (67.4 %) but declined post-frost (51.6 %), coinciding with a marked increase in aliphatic glucosinolates (from 20.7 % to 38.6 %). Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents declined in most accessions following frost exposure. Notably, the metabolic profile of Accession_4 indicates a potentially resilient phenotype, characterised by limited pigment degradation and a shift toward aliphatic glucosinolates. This may reflect a stress-adaptation strategy and could be explored as a candidate for breeding or metabolotype selection approaches. • Kale adapts to frost through metabolic shifts, impacting its biochemical profile. • Sucrose acts as an osmoprotectant, increasing in frost-tolerant accessions. • Glucose decreases under cold stress, suggesting its role in stress responses. • Aliphatic glucosinolates increased after frost, while indolic decreased.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Frost led to sucrose accumulation in kale.
- Taxon
- Kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Treatment
- Frost stresse1
- Outcome
- accumulation of sucrosee1
- Direction
- accumulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“Frost stress induced significant quantitative and compositional shifts in sugar profiles, notably an accumulation of sucrose”
Claim · model-written summary
The indolic glucosinolate share fell from 67.4 % before frost to 51.6 % after frost.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- post-froste1
- Outcome
- indolic compoundse1
- Direction
- declinede1
- Value
- 51.6 %e1
- Qualifier
- 67.4 %e1
- Comparator
- unfrosted profilee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“indolic compounds dominated the unfrosted profile (67.4 %) but declined post-frost (51.6 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
The aliphatic glucosinolate share rose from 20.7 % to 38.6 % after frost.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- froste2
- Outcome
- aliphatic glucosinolatese1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 38.6 %e1
- Qualifier
- 20.7 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“a marked increase in aliphatic glucosinolates (from 20.7 % to 38.6 %)”
e2“Aliphatic glucosinolates increased after frost”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents fell in most accessions after frost.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- frost exposuree1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll and carotenoid contentse1
- Direction
- declinede1
- Qualifier
- most accessionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents declined in most accessions following frost exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Accession_4 showed limited pigment degradation after frost.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Material
- Accession_4e1
- Outcome
- limited pigment degradatione1
- Qualifier
- potentially resilient phenotypee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“the metabolic profile of Accession_4 indicates a potentially resilient phenotype, characterised by limited pigment degradation and a shift toward aliphatic glucosinolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Accession_4 showed a shift toward aliphatic glucosinolates.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Material
- Accession_4e1
- Outcome
- shift toward aliphatic glucosinolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“the metabolic profile of Accession_4 indicates a potentially resilient phenotype, characterised by limited pigment degradation and a shift toward aliphatic glucosinolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose decreased under cold stress.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- cold stresse1
- Outcome
- Glucosee1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“Glucose decreases under cold stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Accession_4 for breeding or metabolotype selection.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Material
- Accession_4e2
- Outcome
- candidate for breeding or metabolotype selection approachese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
e1“could be explored as a candidate for breeding or metabolotype selection approaches”
e2“the metabolic profile of Accession_4”
The same questions in other papers
cold · molecular: metabolites · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results differ
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- no effect
- negative
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See all 10 papers →cold · physiology: pigments · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.