Abstract
A field experiment, involving ten weed control treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, was undertaken at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during the winter seasons, 2011-12 and 2012-13. The objective was to evaluate the effects of different combinations of herbicides, particularly pre-emergence tank-mix herbicides applications on weeds, and flowering, corm yield and benefit-cost economics of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.). It was observed that all herbicidal treatments resulted in significantly lower density of monocot and dicot weeds, and total weed dry weight compared to weedy check, which had the highest two- year mean density of monocot (165/m2) and dicot (364/m2) weeds and total weed dry weight (171 g/m2). Among herbicide treatments, atrazine 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence followed by rice residue @ 5 tonnes/ha at 2 days after atrazine application caused the greatest reduction in density and dry weight of weeds. All herbicidal treatments, except butachlor 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence, were equally effective as this treatment against weeds. The herbicides and their doses adopted in this study did not pose any phytotoxicity to gladiolus plants. The tank-mix pre-emergence applications were usually more effective than the single herbicide application. The tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/ha resulted in significantly greater two-year mean gladiolus plant height (116 cm), cut-flower yield (172 500 spikes/ha), corm yield (3.82 tonnes/ha) and net returns (` 243 100/ha) compared to weedy check and most other treatments, and was most remunerative.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments significantly reduced monocot and dicot weed density and total weed dry weight versus weedy check.
- Treatment
- herbicidal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- density of monocot and dicot weeds, and total weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
GladiolusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all herbicidal treatments resulted in significantly lower density of monocot and dicot weeds, and total weed dry weight compared to weedy check”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Weedy check had the highest monocot weed density of 165/m2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weedy check, which had the highest two- year mean density of monocot (165/m2)”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Weedy check had the highest dicot weed density of 364/m2.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dicot (364/m2) weeds”
e1“all herbicidal treatments resulted in significantly lower density of monocot and dicot weeds, and total weed dry weight compared to weedy check”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Weedy check had total weed dry weight of 171 g/m2.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total weed dry weight (171 g/m2)”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by rice residue caused the greatest reduction in weed density and dry weight.
- Treatment
- atrazine 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence followed by rice residue @ 5 tonnes/ha at 2 days after atrazine applicatione0
- Outcome
- density and dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atrazine 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence followed by rice residue @ 5 tonnes/ha at 2 days after atrazine application caused the greatest reduction in density and dry weight of weeds”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments except butachlor were equally effective against weeds as the leading treatment.
- Treatment
- All herbicidal treatments, except butachlor 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergencee0
- Outcome
- effective as this treatment against weedse0
- Direction
- equally effectivee0
- Comparator
- this treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All herbicidal treatments, except butachlor 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence, were equally effective as this treatment against weeds.”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Study herbicides and doses caused no phytotoxicity in gladiolus.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides and their doses adopted in this study did not pose any phytotoxicity to gladiolus plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tank-mix pre-emergence applications were usually more effective than single-herbicide application.
- Treatment
- tank-mix pre-emergence applicationse0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- single herbicide applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tank-mix pre-emergence applications were usually more effective than the single herbicide application.”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus metribuzin increased plant height to 116 cm versus weedy check and most other treatments.
- Treatment
- pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- gladiolus plant heighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 116 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/ha resulted in significantly greater two-year mean gladiolus plant height (116 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus metribuzin increased cut-flower yield to 172 500 spikes/ha.
- Treatment
- pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- cut-flower yielde0
- Value
- 172 500 spikes/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cut-flower yield (172 500 spikes/ha)”
e1“pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/ha resulted in significantly greater two-year mean gladiolus plant height (116 cm)”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus metribuzin increased corm yield to 3.82 tonnes/ha.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corm yield (3.82 tonnes/ha)”
e1“pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/ha resulted in significantly greater two-year mean gladiolus plant height (116 cm)”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus metribuzin increased net returns to 243 100/ha and was most remunerative.
- Treatment
- pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- most remunerativee0
- Value
- 243 100/hae0
- Comparator
- weedy check and most other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net returns (` 243 100/ha) compared to weedy check and most other treatments, and was most remunerative.”
e1“pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.3 kg/ha resulted in significantly greater two-year mean gladiolus plant height (116 cm)”
t0“gladiolus”
t1“gladiolus”
The same questions in other papers
pendimethalin · growth · GladiolusPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
metribuzin · yield · GladiolusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
atrazine · weed · GladiolusResults agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →pendimethalin · yield · GladiolusResults agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →herbicide · crop injury · GladiolusPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
herbicide · weed · GladiolusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.