Abstract
Abstract Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production due to their effectiveness, speed, and lower cost compared to other management methods. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity and efficacy of herbicides applied alone or in combination for controlling major weed species infesting wheat in Brazil. Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) + adjuvant, carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g ha −1 ), saflufenacil and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) + clodinafop-propargyl caused the highest phytotoxicity to wheat. The best wheat physiological performance (internal CO 2 concentration, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, water use, and carboxylation efficiencies) was observed with terbuthylazine (750 g ha −1 ), carfentrazone-ethyl (80 g ha −1 ), 2,4-D (670 g ha −1 ), and terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha −1 ). Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) combined with clodinafop-propargyl (96 g ha −1 ), provided the most effective control of wild radish and ryegrass and resulted in the highest grain yields. Regarding the grain yield components of wheat (number of plants per meter, number of spikes, spike length, number of filled and sterile grains, hectoliter weight, thousand-grain mass, and grain yield), the weed-free control and the treatment with terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha⁻¹) showed the best performance. In the absence of weed control, average grain yield losses reached 91%. The herbicides terbuthylazine and pyraflufen-ethyl demonstrated potential for the control of broadleaf weeds such as wild radish, which exhibit resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors, and where 2,4-D is less effective under low-temperature conditions. However, further studies using commercial formulations, adjuvants, and varietal tolerance tests are required to validate the use of these herbicides on wheat in Brazil.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g/ha) with adjuvant caused the highest phytotoxicity to wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) + adjuvante1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) + adjuvant, carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g ha −1 ), saflufenacil and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) + clodinafop-propargyl caused the highest phytotoxicity to wheat”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g/ha) caused the highest phytotoxicity to wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g ha −1 )e1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) + adjuvant, carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g ha −1 ), saflufenacil and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) + clodinafop-propargyl caused the highest phytotoxicity to wheat”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Saflufenacil and pyraflufen-ethyl with clodinafop-propargyl caused the highest phytotoxicity to wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- saflufenacil and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) + clodinafop-propargyle1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) + adjuvant, carfentrazone-ethyl (120 g ha −1 ), saflufenacil and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) + clodinafop-propargyl caused the highest phytotoxicity to wheat”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine (750 g/ha) gave the best physiological performance of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- terbuthylazine (750 g ha −1 )e1
- Outcome
- physiological performancee1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The best wheat physiological performance (internal CO 2 concentration, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, water use, and carboxylation efficiencies) was observed with terbuthylazine (750 g ha −1 ), carfentrazone-ethyl (80 g ha −1 ), 2,4-D (670 g ha −1 ), and terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha −1 )”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone-ethyl (80 g/ha) gave the best physiological performance of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- carfentrazone-ethyl (80 g ha −1 )e1
- Outcome
- physiological performancee1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The best wheat physiological performance (internal CO 2 concentration, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, water use, and carboxylation efficiencies) was observed with terbuthylazine (750 g ha −1 ), carfentrazone-ethyl (80 g ha −1 ), 2,4-D (670 g ha −1 ), and terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha −1 )”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D (670 g/ha) gave the best physiological performance of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 2,4-D (670 g ha −1 )e1
- Outcome
- physiological performancee1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The best wheat physiological performance (internal CO 2 concentration, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, water use, and carboxylation efficiencies) was observed with terbuthylazine (750 g ha −1 ), carfentrazone-ethyl (80 g ha −1 ), 2,4-D (670 g ha −1 ), and terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha −1 )”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine plus clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g/ha) gave the best physiological performance of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha −1 )e1
- Outcome
- physiological performancee1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The best wheat physiological performance (internal CO 2 concentration, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, water use, and carboxylation efficiencies) was observed with terbuthylazine (750 g ha −1 ), carfentrazone-ethyl (80 g ha −1 ), 2,4-D (670 g ha −1 ), and terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha −1 )”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g/ha) gave the most effective control of wild radish and ryegrass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 )e1
- Outcome
- control of wild radish and ryegrasse1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) combined with clodinafop-propargyl (96 g ha −1 ), provided the most effective control of wild radish and ryegrass and resulted in the highest grain yields”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g/ha) combined with clodinafop-propargyl (96 g/ha) gave the most effective control of wild radish and ryegrass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) combined with clodinafop-propargyl (96 g ha −1 )e1
- Outcome
- control of wild radish and ryegrasse1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Terbuthylazine (500 and 750 g ha −1 ) and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.75 and 5 g ha −1 ) combined with clodinafop-propargyl (96 g ha −1 ), provided the most effective control of wild radish and ryegrass and resulted in the highest grain yields”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed-free control gave the best wheat grain yield components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- weed-free controle1
- Outcome
- grain yield componentse1
- Direction
- best performancee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Regarding the grain yield components of wheat (number of plants per meter, number of spikes, spike length, number of filled and sterile grains, hectoliter weight, thousand-grain mass, and grain yield), the weed-free control and the treatment with terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha⁻¹) showed the best performance”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine plus clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g/ha) gave the best wheat grain yield components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha⁻¹)e1
- Outcome
- grain yield componentse1
- Direction
- best performancee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Regarding the grain yield components of wheat (number of plants per meter, number of spikes, spike length, number of filled and sterile grains, hectoliter weight, thousand-grain mass, and grain yield), the weed-free control and the treatment with terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha⁻¹) showed the best performance”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Without weed control, average wheat grain yield losses reached 91% compared with the weed-free control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- absence of weed controle1
- Outcome
- average grain yield lossese1
- Direction
- lossese1
- Value
- 91%e1
- Comparator
- weed-free controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the absence of weed control, average grain yield losses reached 91%”
e2“Regarding the grain yield components of wheat (number of plants per meter, number of spikes, spike length, number of filled and sterile grains, hectoliter weight, thousand-grain mass, and grain yield), the weed-free control and the treatment with terbuthylazine + clodinafop-propargyl (750 + 96 g ha⁻¹) showed the best performance”
e3“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine and pyraflufen-ethyl showed potential for controlling broadleaf weeds such as wild radish.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- terbuthylazine and pyraflufen-ethyle1
- Interactor
- wild radish
_Raphanus_raphanistrum_-_flowers.jpg?width=60)
Raphanus raphanistrume1weed - Outcome
- potential for the control of broadleaf weedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Raphanus_raphanistrum_-_flowers.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“The herbicides terbuthylazine and pyraflufen-ethyl demonstrated potential for the control of broadleaf weeds such as wild radish”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D was less effective under low-temperature conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- effectivee1
- Direction
- less effectivee1
- Setting
- low-temperature conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“2,4-D is less effective under low-temperature conditions”
e2“Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat production”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
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saflufenacil · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
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carfentrazone-ethyl · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
adjuvant · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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5 papers in the same direction as this paper
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465 papers in the same direction as this paper · 87 in the opposite direction · 10 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
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See all 563 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.