Abstract
A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years during 2019–20, 2020–21 and 2021–22 at ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar to assess the best and profitable rice (Oryza sativa L.) based cropping system through crop diversification for sustainable agriculture. Diversification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with rabi vegetables and inclusion of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) during summer season in rice-wheat cropping system was studied with rice cultivars of different duration. The rice-cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)-spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)-green gram system recorded the highest system productivity with a rice equivalent yield of 34.26 t/ha, followed by the rice-broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)-spring onion (Allium fistulosum)-green gram system (32.47 t/ha) which were more than double as compared to rice-wheat-green gram system (12.29 t/ha). Land use efficiency was recorded maximum in rice-tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)-green gram system (95.34%) and minimum in rice-garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)-green gram system (82.19%). Growing shorter duration rice cultivar (Swarna Shreya) in the cropping systems significantly enhanced the system productivity, system production efficiency and income as compared to longer duration rice variety in different cropping systems. Diversification of wheat with rabi vegetables enhanced the gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio irrespective of rice duration. The cropping intensity was also increased by diversifying wheat with cauliflower and broccoli grown after short duration rice (400%), as it provided an opportunity to grow a short span crop in the rabi season itself before sowing of green gram during summer season.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The rice-cauliflower-spinach-green gram system had the highest rice equivalent yield of 34.26 t/ha, more than double the rice-wheat-green gram system.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- rice-cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)-spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)-green gram systeme0
- Outcome
- rice equivalent yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 34.26 t/hae0
- Comparator
- rice-wheat-green gram systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice-cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)-spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)-green gram system recorded the highest system productivity with a rice equivalent yield of 34.26 t/ha”
e1“rice-wheat-green gram system (12.29 t/ha)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice-broccoli-spring onion-green gram system had rice equivalent yield of 32.47 t/ha, more than double rice-wheat-green gram.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice-broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)-spring onion (Allium fistulosum)-green gram systeme0
- Outcome
- system productivitye2
- Direction
- more than doublee1
- Value
- 32.47 t/hae0
- Comparator
- rice-wheat-green gram systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice-broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)-spring onion (Allium fistulosum)-green gram system (32.47 t/ha)”
e1“which were more than double as compared to rice-wheat-green gram system (12.29 t/ha)”
e2“the highest system productivity”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-wheat-green gram system yielded 12.29 t/ha rice equivalent.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- rice-wheat-green gram systeme0
- Value
- 12.29 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice-wheat-green gram system (12.29 t/ha)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Land use efficiency was highest at 95.34% in the rice-tomato-green gram system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice-tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)-green gram systeme0
- Outcome
- Land use efficiencye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 95.34%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Land use efficiency was recorded maximum in rice-tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)-green gram system (95.34%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Land use efficiency was lowest at 82.19% in the rice-garden pea-green gram system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice-garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)-green gram systeme0
- Outcome
- Land use efficiencye1
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 82.19%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum in rice-garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)-green gram system (82.19%)”
e1“Land use efficiency”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shorter duration rice cultivar Swarna Shreya significantly enhanced system productivity, production efficiency, and income versus longer duration rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Swarna Shreyae0
- Treatment
- shorter duration rice cultivar (Swarna Shreya)e0
- Outcome
- system productivity, system production efficiency and incomee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- longer duration rice varietye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growing shorter duration rice cultivar (Swarna Shreya) in the cropping systems significantly enhanced the system productivity, system production efficiency and income as compared to longer duration rice variety”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing wheat with rabi vegetables increased gross return, net return, and benefit cost ratio regardless of rice duration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Diversification of wheat with rabi vegetablese0
- Outcome
- gross return, net return and benefit cost ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of rice duratione0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diversification of wheat with rabi vegetables enhanced the gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio irrespective of rice duration”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversifying wheat with cauliflower and broccoli after short duration rice raised cropping intensity to 400%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- diversifying wheat with cauliflower and broccoli grown after short duration ricee0
- Outcome
- cropping intensitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 400%e0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cropping intensity was also increased by diversifying wheat with cauliflower and broccoli grown after short duration rice (400%)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.