Abstract
Enhancing crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts remains a central goal of sustainable agriculture. While legume rotation and nitrogen management have shown efficacy in curbing synthetic fertilizer dependency, most previous studies have focused on monoculture systems or individual management practices, with little attention to their combined effects in jujube-cotton intercropping. We hypothesized that integrating legume rotation with optimal nitrogen fertilization can synergistically increase cotton yields and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A field experiment was conducted using a split-plot design to compare continuous cotton cultivation (M) with a cotton-alfalfa rotation (R) under four nitrogen application rates (0, 140, 280, 420 kg N ha −1 ). Cotton yield, greenhouse gas emissions, soil health, and net ecosystem economic benefits were evaluated. Compared to continuous cropping, rotation reduced the average annual CO 2 and N 2 O emissions by 13.80 % and 21.09 %, respectively, over the two-year period, while decreasing the average annual greenhouse gas emission intensity by 29.74 %. Rotation also improved the soil quality index by 41.35 % and increased cotton yield by 23.80 %. At 280 kg N ha −1 , greenhouse gas emission intensity declined by 16.82 % on average compared with other nitrogen rates. Optimized nitrogen application yielded a 15.60 % increase in yield relative to other rates. The rotation and the 280 kg N ha −1 treatment significantly improved yield stability and sustainability, leading to the highest net ecosystem economic benefits. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of integrating legume rotation with optimal nitrogen management in improving productivity and environmental sustainability in jujube-cotton intercropping systems, offering a promising pathway to sustainable production. • We conducted the first legume rotation trial in a jujube-cotton intercropping system, integrated with nitrogen design. • Legume rotation raised the soil quality index by 41.25%; optimizing to 280 kg N ha -1 increased cotton yield by 15.60%. • Versus continuous cropping, legume rotation cut cumulative CO 2 and N 2 O by 13.80%/21.09% and increased yield by 23.80%. • This establishes a yield-enhancing, emission-reducing model for jujube-cotton system: legume rotation + 280 kg N ha -1 .
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation reduced average annual CO2 emissions by 13.80% relative to continuous cotton.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- CO 2 and N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13.80 %e0
- Comparator
- continuous croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to continuous cropping, rotation reduced the average annual CO 2 and N 2 O emissions by 13.80 % and 21.09 %, respectively, over the two-year period”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation reduced average annual N2O emissions by 21.09% relative to continuous cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21.09 %e0
- Comparator
- continuous croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to continuous cropping, rotation reduced the average annual CO 2 and N 2 O emissions by 13.80 % and 21.09 %, respectively, over the two-year period”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation reduced annual greenhouse gas emission intensity by 29.74%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- average annual greenhouse gas emission intensitye0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 29.74 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to continuous cropping, rotation reduced the average annual CO 2 and N 2 O emissions by 13.80 % and 21.09 %, respectively, over the two-year period, while decreasing the average annual greenhouse gas emission intensity by 29.74 %”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation improved the soil quality index by 41.35%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Rotatione0
- Outcome
- soil quality indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 41.35 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotation also improved the soil quality index by 41.35 % and increased cotton yield by 23.80 %”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation increased cotton yield by 23.80%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Rotatione0
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.80 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotation also improved the soil quality index by 41.35 % and increased cotton yield by 23.80 %”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
At 280 kg N ha−1, emission intensity fell by 16.82% against other rates.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 280 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- greenhouse gas emission intensitye0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 16.82 %e0
- Comparator
- other nitrogen ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 280 kg N ha −1 , greenhouse gas emission intensity declined by 16.82 % on average compared with other nitrogen rates”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized nitrogen increased yield by 15.60% relative to other rates.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Optimized nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15.60 %e0
- Comparator
- other ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimized nitrogen application yielded a 15.60 % increase in yield relative to other rates”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation improved yield stability significantly.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- yield stabilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotation and the 280 kg N ha −1 treatment significantly improved yield stability and sustainability, leading to the highest net ecosystem economic benefits”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 280 kg N ha−1 improved yield stability significantly.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 280 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- yield stabilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotation and the 280 kg N ha −1 treatment significantly improved yield stability and sustainability, leading to the highest net ecosystem economic benefits”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation improved sustainability significantly.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- sustainabilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotation and the 280 kg N ha −1 treatment significantly improved yield stability and sustainability, leading to the highest net ecosystem economic benefits”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 280 kg N ha−1 improved sustainability significantly.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 280 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- sustainabilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotation and the 280 kg N ha −1 treatment significantly improved yield stability and sustainability, leading to the highest net ecosystem economic benefits”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation with 280 kg N ha−1 yielded the highest net ecosystem economic benefits.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- rotation and the 280 kg N ha −1 treatmente0
- Outcome
- net ecosystem economic benefitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotation and the 280 kg N ha −1 treatment significantly improved yield stability and sustainability, leading to the highest net ecosystem economic benefits”
t0“cotton yield and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions in a jujube-cotton intercropping system”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.