Abstract
Although sowing winter cereal crops in rotation with irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is practised by many Australian cotton growers, summer cereals such as maize (Zea mays L.) are sown more frequently than previously. Our objective was to quantify the impact of sowing maize rotation crops on soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions, incidence of black root rot (BRR) disease and crop yields in an ongoing long-term experiment located in a Vertosol in north-western New South Wales. The historical treatments were cotton monoculture (sown after either conventional or minimum tillage) and a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation. The experiment was redesigned in 2011 by splitting all plots and sowing either maize during summer following the previous year’s cotton or retaining the historical cropping system as a control. pH and exchangeable cation concentrations were highest, and electrical conductivity (EC1 : 5) lowest during 2012, the season following a flood event, but were unaffected by sowing maize. In subsequent seasons, with the onset of dry conditions, pH and cation concentrations decreased, and EC1 : 5 increased. The upper horizons (0–0.3 m) of plots where maize was sown had higher concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg during 2012, and 0.45–1.20 m had higher concentrations of exchangeable Na and exchangeable sodium percentage, but these differences disappeared in subsequent years. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in the surface 0.15 m was higher with maize, with differences becoming evident three years after maize was first sown but without any increases in SOC storage. Soil under maize was less resilient to structural degradation. BRR incidence was lower in maize-sown plots only during 2012. Stepwise linear regression suggested that high concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface 0.15 m played a role in reducing BRR incidence during 2012. Maize rotation introduced into cotton monocultures improved lint yields and reduced greenhouse gas emissions but had little impact in a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation. Maize is a suitable rotation crop for irrigated cotton in a two-crop sequence but is of little advantage in a cotton–wheat–maize sequence.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH and exchangeable cation concentrations were highest during 2012, the season after a flood event.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Outcome
- pH and exchangeable cation concentrationse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- during 2012, the season following a flood evente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“pH and exchangeable cation concentrations were highest, and electrical conductivity (EC1 : 5) lowest during 2012, the season following a flood event, but were unaffected by sowing maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil electrical conductivity (EC1 : 5) was lowest during 2012.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity (EC1 : 5)e1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Qualifier
- during 2012e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“pH and exchangeable cation concentrations were highest, and electrical conductivity (EC1 : 5) lowest during 2012, the season following a flood event, but were unaffected by sowing maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In subsequent dry seasons, soil pH and cation concentrations decreased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- pH and cation concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- with the onset of dry conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“In subsequent seasons, with the onset of dry conditions, pH and cation concentrations decreased, and EC1 : 5 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
In subsequent dry seasons, soil electrical conductivity (EC1 : 5) increased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- EC1 : 5e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- with the onset of dry conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“In subsequent seasons, with the onset of dry conditions, pH and cation concentrations decreased, and EC1 : 5 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize sowing gave higher exchangeable Ca and Mg in the upper horizons (0–0.3 m) during 2012.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- upper horizons (0–0.3 m)e1
- Treatment
- maize was sowne1
- Outcome
- exchangeable Ca and Mge1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- during 2012e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“The upper horizons (0–0.3 m) of plots where maize was sown had higher concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg during 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize sowing gave higher exchangeable Na and exchangeable sodium percentage at 0.45–1.20 m, but these differences disappeared in later years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- 0.45–1.20 me2
- Treatment
- plots where maize was sowne1
- Outcome
- exchangeable Na and exchangeable sodium percentagee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- these differences disappeared in subsequent yearse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“The upper horizons (0–0.3 m) of plots where maize was sown had higher concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg during 2012”
e2“0.45–1.20 m had higher concentrations of exchangeable Na and exchangeable sodium percentage, but these differences disappeared in subsequent years”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize sowing gave higher surface soil organic carbon (SOC) three years after sowing.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- surface 0.15 me1
- Treatment
- with maizee1
- Outcome
- Soil organic carbon (SOC)e1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- differences becoming evident three years after maize was first sowne1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Soil organic carbon (SOC) in the surface 0.15 m was higher with maize, with differences becoming evident three years after maize was first sown but without any increases in SOC storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize sowing gave no increase in SOC storage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- maize was first sowne1
- Outcome
- SOC storagee1
- Direction
- without any increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Soil organic carbon (SOC) in the surface 0.15 m was higher with maize, with differences becoming evident three years after maize was first sown but without any increases in SOC storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil under maize was less resilient to structural degradation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- under maizee1
- Outcome
- resilient to structural degradatione1
- Direction
- lesse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Soil under maize was less resilient to structural degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
Black root rot incidence was lower in maize-sown plots, but only during 2012.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- maize-sown plotse1
- Outcome
- BRR incidencee1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- only during 2012e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“BRR incidence was lower in maize-sown plots only during 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Stepwise regression suggested that high exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface 0.15 m reduced black root rot incidence in 2012.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- surface 0.15 me1
- Compound
- exchangeable Ca and Mge1
- Outcome
- BRR incidencee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Qualifier
- Stepwise linear regression suggestede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Stepwise linear regression suggested that high concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface 0.15 m played a role in reducing BRR incidence during 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize rotation introduced into cotton monocultures improved lint yields.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Maize rotation introduced into cotton monoculturese1
- Outcome
- lint yieldse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- cotton monoculturese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Maize rotation introduced into cotton monocultures improved lint yields and reduced greenhouse gas emissions but had little impact in a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize rotation introduced into cotton monocultures reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Maize rotation introduced into cotton monoculturese1
- Outcome
- greenhouse gas emissionse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- cotton monoculturese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Maize rotation introduced into cotton monocultures improved lint yields and reduced greenhouse gas emissions but had little impact in a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize rotation had little impact in a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Maize rotatione1
- Outcome
- impacte1
- Direction
- little impacte1
- Comparator
- minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Maize rotation introduced into cotton monocultures improved lint yields and reduced greenhouse gas emissions but had little impact in a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize is a suitable rotation crop for irrigated cotton in a two-crop sequence.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- suitable rotation crop for irrigated cotton in a two-crop sequencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Maize is a suitable rotation crop for irrigated cotton in a two-crop sequence but is of little advantage in a cotton–wheat–maize sequence”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize offers little advantage in a cotton–wheat–maize sequence.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- little advantagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems”
e1“Maize is a suitable rotation crop for irrigated cotton in a two-crop sequence but is of little advantage in a cotton–wheat–maize sequence”
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- no effect
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- no effect
- positive
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See all 43 papers →rotation · environment: emissions · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.