Abstract
The application of engineered humic Fe/Zn complexes in remediating lead (Pb) biotoxicity, as well as their impact on CO2 efflux, soil carbon distribution, and spinach growth, remains unexplored. This study revealed the impact of engineered Fe- and Zn-enriched humate complexes on Pb immobilization, geochemical fractionation, and translocation in a spinach crop, and the effects on soil biochemical health and CO2-C efflux from tillage and no-tillage Pb-contaminated soils in closed chambers. Advanced statistical models like PLS-PM were employed to determine the direct and total effects of the applied amendments under different tillage regimes. Results demonstrated that Zn- and Fe-humate applications decreased Pb contents by 48% and 72% in tillage soil, while under no-tillage soil Pb concentration was reduced by 35%; 8.7 mg kg−1 (Zn-humate) vs 33%; 5.9 mg kg−1 (Fe-humate) compared to respective controls. Soil C distribution showed dramatically varying trends in tilled and no-tilled soils. Soil extracellular enzyme activity was enhanced under both tillage and no-tillage operations with Zn- and Fe-humate complexes. Human-associated health risk was reduced by 3-fold by the application of Fe-humate, and it was 2-fold with Zn-humate. Overall, findings revealed that the tillage-driven application of Fe/Zn humate complexes significantly enhanced spinach growth, reducing Pb bioavailability, highlighting their potential for sustainable soil management in contaminated farmlands.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-humate reduced Pb contents in tilled soil by 48%.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Zn-e0
- Outcome
- Pb contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Setting
- tillage soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn- and Fe-humate applications decreased Pb contents by 48% and 72% in tillage soil”
t0“spinach crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-humate reduced Pb contents in tilled soil by 72%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Fe-humatee0
- Outcome
- Pb contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Setting
- tillage soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn- and Fe-humate applications decreased Pb contents by 48% and 72% in tillage soil”
t0“spinach crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-humate reduced soil Pb concentration under no tillage by 35%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Zn-humatee0
- Outcome
- soil Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlse0
- Setting
- no-tillage soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under no-tillage soil Pb concentration was reduced by 35%; 8.7 mg kg−1 (Zn-humate) vs 33%; 5.9 mg kg−1 (Fe-humate) compared to respective controls”
t0“spinach crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-humate reduced soil Pb concentration under no tillage by 33%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Fe-humatee0
- Outcome
- soil Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlse0
- Setting
- no-tillage soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under no-tillage soil Pb concentration was reduced by 35%; 8.7 mg kg−1 (Zn-humate) vs 33%; 5.9 mg kg−1 (Fe-humate) compared to respective controls”
t0“spinach crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil carbon distribution differed between tilled and untilled soils.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- Soil C distributione0
- Setting
- tilled and no-tilled soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil C distribution showed dramatically varying trends in tilled and no-tilled soils”
t0“spinach crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Humate complexes enhanced soil extracellular enzyme activity under both tillage regimes.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Zn- and Fe-humate complexese0
- Outcome
- Soil extracellular enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil extracellular enzyme activity was enhanced under both tillage and no-tillage operations with Zn- and Fe-humate complexes”
t0“spinach crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-humate lowered human health risk threefold.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Fe-humatee0
- Outcome
- Human-associated health riske0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Human-associated health risk was reduced by 3-fold by the application of Fe-humate”
t0“spinach crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe/Zn humates with tillage enhanced spinach growth.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Fe/Zn humate complexese0
- Outcome
- spinach growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tillage-driven application of Fe/Zn humate complexes significantly enhanced spinach growth”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.