Abstract
Increased anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals in agricultural soils lead to worrisome effects on the water, soil, and plants. A greenhouse study was conducted in Tunja, Colombia to determine the effects of excess Zn and Mn on leaf area, root length, dry matter production and partitioning, root to shoot ratio, specific leaf weight, water uptake, and agronomic water use efficiency in spinach seedlings (Spinacia oleracea L. hyb. Marimba). Seedlings were grown floating on a complete nutrient solution in 4 L glass containers. Concentrations of 40 mg L-1 Mn, 40 mg L-1 Zn, 80 mg L-1 Mn, 80 mg L-1 Zn and combinations thereof were added to the solution, with a control treatment receiving no excess Zn or Mn. Zn at 40 mg L-1 reduced leaf area by 78.82% in relation to the controls; 40 mg L-1 Mn increased leaf area by 35.23%. Plants exposed to 80 mg L-1 Zn with 80 mg L-1 Mn increased allocation of biomass to leaves by 45.05% as compared to the control plants. Addition of 80 mg L-1 Zn and 40 mg L-1 Mn + 80 mg L-1 Zn led to an increase of 9.24 and 29.75%, respectively, in dry matter allocation to stem + petioles. Roots were affected the most by excess Mn and Zn, alone and in combination. While addition of 40 or 80 mg L-1 of Mn reduced total root length by 45.06 and 81.64%, respectively; while Zn concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L-1 reduced total root length by 88.78 and 98.07%, respectively.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg L-1 Zn reduced spinach leaf area by 78.82%.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Zn at 40 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 78.82%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“Zn at 40 mg L-1 reduced leaf area by 78.82% in relation to the controls; 40 mg L-1 Mn increased leaf area by 35.23%.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg L-1 Mn increased spinach leaf area by 35.23%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 40 mg L-1 Mne0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.23%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“Zn at 40 mg L-1 reduced leaf area by 78.82% in relation to the controls; 40 mg L-1 Mn increased leaf area by 35.23%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 80 mg L-1 Zn and Mn increased allocation of biomass to leaves by 45.05%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 80 mg L-1 Zn with 80 mg L-1 Mne0
- Outcome
- allocation of biomass to leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.05%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“Plants exposed to 80 mg L-1 Zn with 80 mg L-1 Mn increased allocation of biomass to leaves by 45.05% as compared to the control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
80 mg L-1 Zn increased stem and petiole dry matter allocation by 9.24%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 80 mg L-1 Zne0
- Outcome
- dry matter allocation to stem + petiolese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 9.24e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“Addition of 80 mg L-1 Zn and 40 mg L-1 Mn + 80 mg L-1 Zn led to an increase of 9.24 and 29.75%, respectively, in dry matter allocation to stem + petioles.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg L-1 Mn with 80 mg L-1 Zn increased stem and petiole allocation by 29.75%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 40 mg L-1 Mn + 80 mg L-1 Zne0
- Outcome
- dry matter allocation to stem + petiolese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 29.75%e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“Addition of 80 mg L-1 Zn and 40 mg L-1 Mn + 80 mg L-1 Zn led to an increase of 9.24 and 29.75%, respectively, in dry matter allocation to stem + petioles.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 or 80 mg L-1 of Mn reduced root length by 45.06.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 40 or 80 mg L-1 of Mne0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 45.06e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“While addition of 40 or 80 mg L-1 of Mn reduced total root length by 45.06 and 81.64%, respectively; while Zn concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L-1 reduced total root length by 88.78 and 98.07%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
80 mg L-1 of Mn reduced root length by 81.64%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 80 mg L-1 of Mne0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 81.64%e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“While addition of 40 or 80 mg L-1 of Mn reduced total root length by 45.06 and 81.64%, respectively; while Zn concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L-1 reduced total root length by 88.78 and 98.07%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L-1 reduced root length by 88.78.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Zn concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 88.78e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“While addition of 40 or 80 mg L-1 of Mn reduced total root length by 45.06 and 81.64%, respectively; while Zn concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L-1 reduced total root length by 88.78 and 98.07%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
80 mg L-1 reduced root length by 98.07%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 80 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98.07%e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach plants”
e0“While addition of 40 or 80 mg L-1 of Mn reduced total root length by 45.06 and 81.64%, respectively; while Zn concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L-1 reduced total root length by 88.78 and 98.07%, respectively.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.