Abstract
Addressing the growing demand for food in semi-arid regions requires effective water and fertilizer strategies. An irrigation and foliar fertilization field experiment was performed in Baoding, Hebei Province, to determine the effects of foliar nutrition and water conditions on mung bean ( Vigna radiata L.), with focus on leaf traits, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield. The treatments were irrigated at branching and flowering-podding stages. Foliar treatments were freshwater only, high-potassium, high-phosphorus, balanced fertilizer. The two-factor experiment comprised a total of eight treatments and twenty-four plots which were arranged randomly. Numerous parameters, including leaf traits, photosynthetic parameters, SPAD dynamics, and yield components, were determined. Results showed that under full irrigation, the high- phosphorus treatment (W1F2) significantly enhanced leaf area, net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ), and SPAD values by 18.1%, 14.4%, and 24.0%, respectively, at 7 days after spraying (DAS7), and delayed leaf senescence. Under water stress, the balanced fertilizer (W0F3) most effectively mitigated stress effects, showing the smallest reduction in leaf area and a 9.8% higher SPAD retention. Photosynthetic performance varied: W1F2 maintained the highest water use efficiency over 21 days under full irrigation, while W0F3 showed the least decline in Pn under water stress. Yield increased significantly with high- phosphorus treatment (F2), by 30.86% (under W1 conditions) and 37.79% (under W0 conditions), primarily due to a 20.66% and 19.17% rise in grains per pod, respectively. The W0F3 treatment also increased 100-seed weight by 8.12%, supporting yield advantage. In conclusion, high- phosphorus foliar fertilizer is recommended under sufficient irrigation to boost photosynthesis and sink strength, whereas the balanced fertilizer provides yield advantages under water-limited conditions by maintaining photosynthetic area and grain weight. This study provides a theoretical and practical foundation for precision foliar nutrient management in mung beans during the flowering and podding stages in semi-arid regions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Under full irrigation, high-phosphorus treatment increased leaf area by 18.1% at DAS7.
- Taxon
- mung bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- high- phosphorus treatment (W1F2)e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 18.1%e0
- Qualifier
- under full irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“under full irrigation, the high- phosphorus treatment (W1F2) significantly enhanced leaf area, net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ), and SPAD values by 18.1%, 14.4%, and 24.0%, respectively, at 7 days after spraying (DAS7)”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under full irrigation, high-phosphorus treatment increased net photosynthetic rate by 14.4% at DAS7.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- high- phosphorus treatment (W1F2)e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 14.4%e0
- Qualifier
- under full irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under full irrigation, the high- phosphorus treatment (W1F2) significantly enhanced leaf area, net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ), and SPAD values by 18.1%, 14.4%, and 24.0%, respectively, at 7 days after spraying (DAS7)”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under full irrigation, high-phosphorus treatment increased SPAD values by 24.0% at DAS7.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- high- phosphorus treatment (W1F2)e0
- Outcome
- SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 24.0%e0
- Qualifier
- under full irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under full irrigation, the high- phosphorus treatment (W1F2) significantly enhanced leaf area, net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ), and SPAD values by 18.1%, 14.4%, and 24.0%, respectively, at 7 days after spraying (DAS7)”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
High-phosphorus fertilizer delayed leaf senescence under full irrigation.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and delayed leaf senescence”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, balanced fertilizer gave the smallest reduction in leaf area.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- balanced fertilizer (W0F3)e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- smallest reductione0
- Qualifier
- Under water stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under water stress, the balanced fertilizer (W0F3) most effectively mitigated stress effects, showing the smallest reduction in leaf area and a 9.8% higher SPAD retention”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, balanced fertilizer had 9.8% higher SPAD retention.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- balanced fertilizer (W0F3)e0
- Outcome
- SPAD retentione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under water stress, the balanced fertilizer (W0F3) most effectively mitigated stress effects, showing the smallest reduction in leaf area and a 9.8% higher SPAD retention”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
W1F2 maintained the highest water use efficiency over 21 days under full irrigation.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- W1F2e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- over 21 days under full irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1F2 maintained the highest water use efficiency over 21 days under full irrigation”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
W0F3 showed the least decline in net photosynthetic rate under water stress.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- W0F3e0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- least declinee0
- Qualifier
- under water stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W0F3 showed the least decline in Pn under water stress”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
High-phosphorus treatment raised yield 30.86% under W1 conditions.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- high- phosphorus treatment (F2)e0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.86%e0
- Qualifier
- under W1 conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increased significantly with high- phosphorus treatment (F2), by 30.86% (under W1 conditions) and 37.79% (under W0 conditions)”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
High-phosphorus treatment raised yield 37.79% under W0 conditions.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- high- phosphorus treatment (F2)e0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.79%e0
- Qualifier
- under W0 conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increased significantly with high- phosphorus treatment (F2), by 30.86% (under W1 conditions) and 37.79% (under W0 conditions)”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
High-phosphorus treatment raised grains per pod 20.66% under W1.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- grains per pode0
- Direction
- risee0
- Value
- 20.66%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“primarily due to a 20.66% and 19.17% rise in grains per pod, respectively”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
High-phosphorus treatment raised grains per pod 19.17% under W0.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- grains per pode0
- Direction
- risee0
- Value
- 19.17%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“primarily due to a 20.66% and 19.17% rise in grains per pod, respectively”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
W0F3 raised 100-seed weight by 8.12%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- W0F3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- 100-seed weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The W0F3 treatment also increased 100-seed weight by 8.12%”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend high-phosphorus foliar fertilizer with sufficient irrigation to increase photosynthesis and sink strength.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- high- phosphorus foliar fertilizere0
- Outcome
- boost photosynthesis and sink strengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high- phosphorus foliar fertilizer is recommended under sufficient irrigation to boost photosynthesis and sink strength”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend balanced fertilizer under limited water for yield benefits.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- balanced fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yield advantagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the balanced fertilizer provides yield advantages under water-limited conditions by maintaining photosynthetic area and grain weight”
t0“mung bean”
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