Abstract
Irrigation strategies are essential for enhancing water productivity, thereby contributing to the sustainable water management in upland rice ( Oryza sativa L.). This study aimed to quantify the effects of various irrigation strategies on the physiology, yield, and irrigation water productivity of three upland rice cultivars. Two shelter experiments (A and B) were conducted using two factors: irrigation managements and cultivars. In Experiment A, three irrigation levels were applied: 100 % (Control), 70 % and 40 % of the irrigation applied in the control. In Experiment B, irrigation was triggered at soil water potential thresholds of −20 and −40 kPa. The cultivars used in both experiments were BRS A501 CL, BRS Esmeralda, and BRS A502. In Experiment A, the Control treatment (100 %) demanded ∼786 mm of water, which yielded 7.9 Mg ha −1 , corresponding to an irrigation water productivity of 0.88 kg m −3 . Irrigation levels of 70 % (579 mm) and 40 % (371 mm) caused yield reductions of 51–96 % and irrigation water productivity declines of 32–92 %. In Experiment B, the treatment of −20 kPa (683 mm) yielded 6.8 Mg ha −1 and 1.0 kg m −3 of irrigation water productivity. The irrigation threshold of −40 kPa (∼590 mm applied) resulted in an average grain yield of 5.3 Mg ha −1 and irrigation water productivity of 0.89 kg m −3 . Overall, although drought-tolerant cultivars were used, water-saving treatments in Experiment A (70 and 40 %) were not suitable for upland rice. In contrast, the −40 kPa irrigation threshold in Experiment B reduced water use while maintaining irrigation water productivity, representing an effective strategy for water-limited environments. Future work should explore irrigation strategies based on Experiment B, targeting specific growth stages. • Irrigation levels and irrigation at different soil water potential thresholds were tested. • Cultivars BRS Esmeralda and BRS A502 showed contrasting gas exchange performance at anthesis among experiments. • Irrigation levels of 70 % and 40 % reduced both grain yield and irrigation water productivity. • Irrigation at −20 and −40 kPa thresholds maintained comparable irrigation water productivity. • Grain yield under irrigation at –40 kPa was 22 % lower than under –20 kPa.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
In Experiment A the full irrigation control demanded about 786 mm of water.
- Taxon
- upland rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Control treatment (100 %)e0
- Outcome
- demandede0
- Value
- ∼786 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“In Experiment A, the Control treatment (100 %) demanded ∼786 mm of water, which yielded 7.9 Mg ha −1 , corresponding to an irrigation water productivity of 0.88 kg m −3”
Claim · model-written summary
In Experiment A the full irrigation control yielded 7.9 Mg ha-1.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Control treatment (100 %)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 7.9 Mg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“In Experiment A, the Control treatment (100 %) demanded ∼786 mm of water, which yielded 7.9 Mg ha −1 , corresponding to an irrigation water productivity of 0.88 kg m −3”
Claim · model-written summary
In Experiment A the full irrigation control had an irrigation water productivity of 0.88 kg m-3.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Control treatment (100 %)e0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivitye0
- Value
- 0.88 kg m −3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“In Experiment A, the Control treatment (100 %) demanded ∼786 mm of water, which yielded 7.9 Mg ha −1 , corresponding to an irrigation water productivity of 0.88 kg m −3”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 70% and 40% of the control reduced upland rice yield by 51-96%.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Irrigation levels of 70 % (579 mm) and 40 % (371 mm)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 51–96 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“Irrigation levels of 70 % (579 mm) and 40 % (371 mm) caused yield reductions of 51–96 % and irrigation water productivity declines of 32–92 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 70% and 40% of the control reduced irrigation water productivity by 32-92%.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Irrigation levels of 70 % (579 mm) and 40 % (371 mm)e0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivitye0
- Direction
- declinese0
- Value
- 32–92 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“Irrigation levels of 70 % (579 mm) and 40 % (371 mm) caused yield reductions of 51–96 % and irrigation water productivity declines of 32–92 %”
Claim · model-written summary
In Experiment B, irrigation at the -20 kPa threshold yielded 6.8 Mg ha-1.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- −20 kPae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 6.8 Mg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“the treatment of −20 kPa (683 mm) yielded 6.8 Mg ha −1 and 1.0 kg m −3 of irrigation water productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
In Experiment B, irrigation at the -20 kPa threshold gave an irrigation water productivity of 1.0 kg m-3.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- −20 kPae0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivitye0
- Value
- 1.0 kg m −3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“the treatment of −20 kPa (683 mm) yielded 6.8 Mg ha −1 and 1.0 kg m −3 of irrigation water productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
In Experiment B, irrigation at the -40 kPa threshold gave an average grain yield of 5.3 Mg ha-1.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- −40 kPae0
- Outcome
- average grain yielde0
- Value
- 5.3 Mg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“The irrigation threshold of −40 kPa (∼590 mm applied) resulted in an average grain yield of 5.3 Mg ha −1 and irrigation water productivity of 0.89 kg m −3”
Claim · model-written summary
In Experiment B, irrigation at the -40 kPa threshold gave an irrigation water productivity of 0.89 kg m-3.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- −40 kPae0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivitye0
- Value
- 0.89 kg m −3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“The irrigation threshold of −40 kPa (∼590 mm applied) resulted in an average grain yield of 5.3 Mg ha −1 and irrigation water productivity of 0.89 kg m −3”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield under irrigation at -40 kPa was 22% lower than under -20 kPa.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- irrigation at –40 kPae0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 22 %e0
- Comparator
- –20 kPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“Grain yield under irrigation at –40 kPa was 22 % lower than under –20 kPa”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars BRS Esmeralda and BRS A502 showed contrasting gas exchange performance at anthesis among experiments.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- BRS Esmeralda and BRS A502e0
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Outcome
- gas exchange performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“Cultivars BRS Esmeralda and BRS A502 showed contrasting gas exchange performance at anthesis among experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-saving treatments of 70 and 40% in Experiment A were not suitable for upland rice.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- water-saving treatments in Experiment Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“water-saving treatments in Experiment A (70 and 40 %) were not suitable for upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The -40 kPa irrigation threshold reduced water use while maintaining irrigation water productivity, making it an effective strategy for water-limited environments.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- effective strategy for water-limited environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“upland rice”
e0“the −40 kPa irrigation threshold in Experiment B reduced water use while maintaining irrigation water productivity, representing an effective strategy for water-limited environments”
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