Abstract
Optimizing organic fertilizer substitution is essential for enhancing the sustainability of agriculture and achieving a balance between crop productivity, nutritional quality, and environmental safety. Here, we conducted an 11-year field experiment to evaluate the effects of substituting 50% of mineral fertilizers with pig manure (PM) or cattle manure (CM) on the nutritional quality of wheat grain, heavy metal (HM) accumulation, and associated human health risks. The yield and protein content were highest in the mineral fertilizer (MF) treatment, and grain micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) were 6.7–13.8% higher under organic substitution (PM/CM) than in the MF treatment. The Ni, Pb, and As contents were 35.4–43.0% higher in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment, which stems from the higher HM content in pig manure. Health risk assessments indicated that the Hazard Index (HI) for children exceeded 1 in the PM treatment, primarily due to As, which accounted for 69.6% of the HI. All treatments remained within safe thresholds, although As and Pb posed detectable carcinogenic health risks. The higher levels of Ni and As in pig manure likewise led to a significant increase in the health risk associated with the PM treatment compared to the MF treatment. We developed a novel Grain Quality Index (GQI) that combined nutrient and HM data, which indicated that the nutritional quality of wheat grain was similar in the CM and MF treatments. The GQI was 9.1% lower in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment. These findings suggest that the substitution of mineral fertilizer with cow manure can help achieve a balance between yield, nutrition, and safety, and more stringent regulation of HMs is required for the use of pig manure. Our findings provide actionable insights with implications for sustainable wheat production policies.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Yield and protein content were highest in the mineral fertilizer (MF) treatment.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- mineral fertilizer (MF)e1
- Outcome
- yield and protein contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- pig manure (PM) or cattle manure (CM)e0
- Setting
- 11-Year Field Trialt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e1“The yield and protein content were highest in the mineral fertilizer (MF) treatment”
e0“substituting 50% of mineral fertilizers with pig manure (PM) or cattle manure (CM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain micronutrients Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were 6.7–13.8% higher under organic substitution than under MF.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic substitution (PM/CM)e2
- Outcome
- grain micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn)e2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 6.7–13.8%e2
- Comparator
- MF treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e2“grain micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) were 6.7–13.8% higher under organic substitution (PM/CM) than in the MF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ni, Pb and As contents were 35.4–43.0% higher in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PM treatmente3
- Outcome
- The Ni, Pb, and As contentse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 35.4–43.0%e3
- Comparator
- MF treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e3“The Ni, Pb, and As contents were 35.4–43.0% higher in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher Ni, Pb and As contents in the PM treatment stem from the higher heavy metal content of pig manure.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PM treatmente3
- Outcome
- The Ni, Pb, and As contentse3
- Qualifier
- higher HM content in pig manuree4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e3“The Ni, Pb, and As contents were 35.4–43.0% higher in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment”
e4“which stems from the higher HM content in pig manure”
Claim · model-written summary
The Hazard Index for children exceeded 1 in the PM treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PM treatmente5
- Outcome
- Hazard Index (HI) for childrene5
- Direction
- exceedede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e5“Health risk assessments indicated that the Hazard Index (HI) for children exceeded 1 in the PM treatment, primarily due to As, which accounted for 69.6% of the HI”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic accounted for 69.6% of the Hazard Index in the PM treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e5“Health risk assessments indicated that the Hazard Index (HI) for children exceeded 1 in the PM treatment, primarily due to As, which accounted for 69.6% of the HI”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments remained within safe thresholds for health risk.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- safe thresholdse6
- Direction
- remained withine6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e6“All treatments remained within safe thresholds, although As and Pb posed detectable carcinogenic health risks”
Claim · model-written summary
As and Pb posed detectable carcinogenic health risks.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- As and Pbe6
- Outcome
- carcinogenic health riskse6
- Qualifier
- detectablee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e6“All treatments remained within safe thresholds, although As and Pb posed detectable carcinogenic health risks”
Claim · model-written summary
Health risk was significantly higher in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PM treatmente7
- Outcome
- health riske7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Comparator
- MF treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e7“The higher levels of Ni and As in pig manure likewise led to a significant increase in the health risk associated with the PM treatment compared to the MF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The Grain Quality Index was 9.1% lower in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PM treatmente0
- Outcome
- GQIe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 9.1%e0
- Comparator
- MF treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e0“The GQI was 9.1% lower in the PM treatment than in the MF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The Grain Quality Index indicated similar nutritional quality of wheat grain in the CM and MF treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- nutritional quality of wheat graine1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- MFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e1“indicated that the nutritional quality of wheat grain was similar in the CM and MF treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting mineral fertilizer with cow manure can help achieve a balance between yield, nutrition and safety.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- substitution of mineral fertilizer with cow manuree2
- Outcome
- a balance between yield, nutrition, and safetye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e2“substitution of mineral fertilizer with cow manure can help achieve a balance between yield, nutrition, and safety”
Claim · model-written summary
More stringent regulation of heavy metals is required for the use of pig manure.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pig manuree3
- Outcome
- regulation of HMse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Grain Nutrition and Heavy Metal Risks in an 11-Year Field Trial”
e3“more stringent regulation of HMs is required for the use of pig manure”
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