Abstract
The effect of organic fertilizer substitution (OFS) on crop micronutrients often varies due to differences in environmental conditions, soil types, and nutrient status. This study aims to evaluate the effects of OFS on wheat grain micronutrients and bioavailability across five sites in Shandong Province from 2021 to 2022. All experimental sites included five common treatments: control, traditional farming, optimized practices, and 15 and 30% OFS for chemical nitrogen. The results revealed regional variation in wheat yield; the average wheat yield was 9.06 Mg ha −1 , and the highest yield was 9.58 Mg ha −1 in the 15%OF treatment. No significant differences in soil micronutrient availability were observed. Compared to the control, the OFS treatments exhibited significant increases in grain Fe (24.69%) and Zn (19.19%) contents. The OFS treatments significantly increased Fe and Zn bioavailability by reducing the PA/Fe and PA/Zn molar ratios. Organic fertilizer substitution also increased micronutrient nutritional yields and reduced the current health burden of Fe and Zn. Under the pessimistic scenario, the OFS treatment reduced health burdens of Zn and Fe deficiencies by 2.38 and 1.31%, respectively, whereas these mitigation efficiencies substantially increased to 7.15 and 3.94% under the optimistic scenario. In conclusion, OFS improved the content and bioavailability of Fe and Zn without affecting yield, which enhanced the nutritional quality of these nutrients, and alleviate the health burden of Fe and Zn deficiency. The findings demonstrate that a 15% organic fertilizer substitution (OFS) optimally enhances wheat grain Fe and Zn bioavailability and nutritional quality while maintaining crop yield, offering region-specific evidence for sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate micronutrient deficiencies and improve human health outcomes.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield varied regionally and averaged 9.06 Mg ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Value
- 9.06 Mg ha −1e0
- Setting
- regionale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed regional variation in wheat yield; the average wheat yield was 9.06 Mg ha −1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 15%OF treatment had the highest wheat yield, 9.58 Mg ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 15%OF treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.58 Mg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest yield was 9.58 Mg ha −1 in the 15%OF treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil micronutrient availability did not differ significantly among treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil micronutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences in soil micronutrient availability were observed”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS increased wheat grain Fe content by 24.69% relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OFS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain Fee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 24.69%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control, the OFS treatments exhibited significant increases in grain Fe (24.69%) and Zn (19.19%) contents”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS increased wheat grain Zn content by 19.19% relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OFS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 19.19%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control, the OFS treatments exhibited significant increases in grain Fe (24.69%) and Zn (19.19%) contents”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS significantly increased Fe bioavailability by reducing PA/Fe molar ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OFS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Fee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- PA/Fee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OFS treatments significantly increased Fe and Zn bioavailability by reducing the PA/Fe and PA/Zn molar ratios”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS significantly increased Zn bioavailability by reducing PA/Zn molar ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OFS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- PA/Zne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OFS treatments significantly increased Fe and Zn bioavailability by reducing the PA/Fe and PA/Zn molar ratios”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS increased micronutrient nutritional yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Organic fertilizer substitutione0
- Outcome
- micronutrient nutritional yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic fertilizer substitution also increased micronutrient nutritional yields”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS reduced Zn deficiency health burden by 2.38% under the pessimistic scenario.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- health burdens of Zne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2.38e0
- Qualifier
- pessimistic scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the pessimistic scenario, the OFS treatment reduced health burdens of Zn and Fe deficiencies by 2.38 and 1.31%, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS reduced Fe deficiency health burden by 1.31% under the pessimistic scenario.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Fe deficienciese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.31%e0
- Qualifier
- pessimistic scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the pessimistic scenario, the OFS treatment reduced health burdens of Zn and Fe deficiencies by 2.38 and 1.31%, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimistic scenario raised Zn burden mitigation to 7.15%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mitigation efficienciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.15e0
- Qualifier
- optimistic scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these mitigation efficiencies substantially increased to 7.15 and 3.94% under the optimistic scenario”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimistic scenario raised Fe burden mitigation to 3.94%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mitigation efficienciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.94%e0
- Qualifier
- optimistic scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these mitigation efficiencies substantially increased to 7.15 and 3.94% under the optimistic scenario”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
OFS did not affect wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OFSe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- without affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OFS improved the content and bioavailability of Fe and Zn without affecting yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify 15% OFS as optimal for grain Fe and Zn bioavailability and quality while maintaining yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 15% organic fertilizer substitution (OFS)e0
- Qualifier
- while maintaining crop yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 15% organic fertilizer substitution (OFS) optimally enhances wheat grain Fe and Zn bioavailability and nutritional quality while maintaining crop yield”
t0“wheat”
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