Abstract
BACKGROUND: Plant microbe-interactions contribute in mitigating abiotic environmental stresses in plants. Salinity stress is one of major factor in reducing agricultural productivity. Recently, the use of endophytic fungi has proved as one of the approaches that can help plant growth under salt stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate halotolerant endophytic fungi and elevate their potential to mitigate salt stress in Vigna radiata. METHODOLOGY: Endophytic fungi were isolated from asymptomatic parts of Vachellia nilotica and screened for plant growth-promoting attributes such as IAA production, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and halotolerance. Based on growth-promoting characteristics and halotolerance, Aspergillus niger VN2 was selected and colonized in V. radiata. The colonized plants were exposed to different salt concentrations (150 mM, 200 mM, and 250 mM NaCl) to evaluate the effect of A. niger VN2 in mitigating salt stress. The effects of A. niger VN2 colonization on physiological, biochemical, and molecular parameters were assessed. RESULTS: In the present study, an endophytic fungus Aspergillus niger VN2 isolated from Vachellia nilotica exhibited good plant growth promotion properties and halotolerance. A. niger VN2 produced IAA (148.32 ± 2.34 µg/ml IAA), solubilized phosphate, and produced hydroxamate type siderophore (72.66% SU). It also exhibited ACC deaminase ability (134.40 ± 5.45µmolα-ketobutyrate/h/mg protein), and could tolerate up to 15% NaCl. Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata enhanced salt tolerance, and resulted in increased root and shoot length, biomass, leaf number, chlorophyll content, relative water content, and protein content in salt stressed plants. DPPH scavenging and endogenous IAA levels also increased in treated plants. Oxidative stress parameters viz. proline, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde, were found to decrease in VN2 colonized plants. Fluorescent microscopy studies revealed VN2 colonized plants showed increased cell survival and lowered glutathione and hydrogen peroxide under salt stress. Comet assay was used for determining the genoprotective effect of A. niger VN2. Colonization of A. niger VN2 reduced DNA tail length, % tail DNA, tail moment, and olive tail moment in plants exposed to salt stress. The difference in biochemical molecules viz. protein, carbohydrates, lipid, and nucleic acid in colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress was revealed by FT-IR spectroscopy and validated by PCA, which showed that A. niger VN2 mitigated salt-induced changes, as colonized samples clustered closely under both conditions. CONCLUSION: From the current study, it can be concluded that colonization of endophytic fungus A. niger VN2 promotes plant growth and can mitigate salt stress in V. radiata by regulating oxidative stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate produced IAA at 148.32 ± 2.34 µg/ml IAA.
- Taxon
- Vachellia nilotica
_flowers_at_Hodal_W_IMG_1163.jpg?width=60)
Vachellia niloticae1 - Interactor
- A. niger VN2
Aspergillus nigere0symbiont - Outcome
- IAAe0
- Value
- 148.32 ± 2.34 µg/ml IAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_at_Hodal_W_IMG_1163.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A. niger VN2 produced IAA (148.32 ± 2.34 µg/ml IAA)”
e1“isolated from Vachellia nilotica”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate solubilized phosphate.
- Taxon
- Vachellia niloticaVachellia niloticae1
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- solubilized phosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. niger VN2 produced IAA (148.32 ± 2.34 µg/ml IAA), solubilized phosphate”
e1“isolated from Vachellia nilotica”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonization enhanced salt tolerance in V. radiata.
- Taxon
- V. radiata
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0 - Treatment
- Colonization of A. niger VN2e0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata enhanced salt tolerance”
e1“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonization increased root and shoot length and biomass under salt stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Colonization of A. niger VN2e0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot length, biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata enhanced salt tolerance, and resulted in increased root and shoot length, biomass, leaf number, chlorophyll content, relative water content, and protein content in salt stressed plants”
e1“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonization increased leaf number, chlorophyll content and relative water content under salt stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Colonization of A. niger VN2e0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf number, chlorophyll content, relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata enhanced salt tolerance, and resulted in increased root and shoot length, biomass, leaf number, chlorophyll content, relative water content, and protein content in salt stressed plants”
e1“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonization increased protein content under salt stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Colonization of A. niger VN2e0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata enhanced salt tolerance, and resulted in increased root and shoot length, biomass, leaf number, chlorophyll content, relative water content, and protein content in salt stressed plants”
e1“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH scavenging and endogenous IAA levels increased in treated plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere1symbiont
- Outcome
- DPPH scavenging and endogenous IAA levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DPPH scavenging and endogenous IAA levels also increased in treated plants”
e1“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata”
e2“colonized in V. radiata”
e3“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde decreased in VN2 colonized plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- VN2 colonized plantse0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere3symbiont
- Outcome
- proline, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proline, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde, were found to decrease in VN2 colonized plants”
e1“colonized in V. radiata”
e2“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
e3“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonized cells had increased survival under salt stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- VN2 colonized plantse0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere3symbiont
- Outcome
- cell survivale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VN2 colonized plants showed increased cell survival and lowered glutathione and hydrogen peroxide under salt stress”
e1“colonized in V. radiata”
e2“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
e3“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonized plants had lower glutathione and hydrogen peroxide under salt stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- VN2 colonized plantse0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere3symbiont
- Outcome
- glutathione and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VN2 colonized plants showed increased cell survival and lowered glutathione and hydrogen peroxide under salt stress”
e1“colonized in V. radiata”
e2“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
e3“Colonization of A. niger VN2 in V. radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonization reduced DNA tail length, % tail DNA and tail moment under salt stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- Colonization of A. niger VN2e0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- DNA tail length, % tail DNA, tail momente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of A. niger VN2 reduced DNA tail length, % tail DNA, tail moment, and olive tail moment in plants exposed to salt stress”
e1“colonized in V. radiata”
e2“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
VN2 colonization reduced olive tail moment under salt stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- Colonization of A. niger VN2e0
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- olive tail momente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of A. niger VN2 reduced DNA tail length, % tail DNA, tail moment, and olive tail moment in plants exposed to salt stress”
e1“colonized in V. radiata”
e2“colonized and non-colonized plants under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
FT-IR and PCA showed VN2 mitigated salt-induced biochemical changes, with colonized samples clustering closely.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Interactor
- A. niger VN2Aspergillus nigere0symbiont
- Outcome
- salt-induced changese0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. niger VN2 mitigated salt-induced changes, as colonized samples clustered closely under both conditions”
e1“colonized in V. radiata”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.