Abstract
Due to the scarcity of irrigation water and to achieve maximum benefit from the available irrigation water, this study investigated the impact of exogenous proline application on drought tolerance in three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and evaluated their water use under stress conditions. A factorial field experiment was conducted using a split-split plot design with three factors at three levels each. The main plot factor was drought stress, with three levels: S1 (control) involved irrigation with 50 % of the available water between field capacity (FC) and wilting point(WP); S2 represented mild drought with 30 % available water (70 % reduction); S3 represented severe drought with 10 % available water (90 % reduction). The second factor (subplot) was proline concentration: P1 (0 mg L-1), P2 (25 mg L-1) and P3 (50 mg L-1). The third factor (sub-subplot) was wheat cultivar: Ibaa 99, Adnaniyah and Sham 6. A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water). The highest water use efficiency was recorded under 30 % available water, while the maximum grain yield (6.07 tons ha-1) was achieved under 50 % available water. Foliar application of 50 mg L-1 proline (P3) increased grain yield and improved water use efficiency to 1.61 kg grains m-3 water. Although interactions between drought stress and proline concentration were not statistically significant, Sham 6 consistently outperformed Ibaa 99 and Adnaniyah across most growth and yield parameters.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced wheat plant height to 58.53 cm.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 90 % reduction in available watere0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 58.53 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced wheat spikes per plant to 3.98.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 % reduction in available watere0
- Outcome
- spikes per plante0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3.98e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced wheat seeds per spike to 37.86.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 % reduction in available watere0
- Outcome
- seeds per spikee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 37.86e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced wheat total yield to 3.47 tons per hectare.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 % reduction in available watere0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3.47 tons·ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced wheat flag leaf area to 25.75 square centimeters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 % reduction in available watere0
- Outcome
- flag leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.75 cm²e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced wheat chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 % reduction in available watere0
- Outcome
- chlorophyllcontente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 90 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced wheat water use efficiency to 1.6 kg grains per cubic meter water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 % reduction in available watere0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.6 kg grains m-3 watere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90 % reduction in available water significantly decreased vegetative and yield parameters, including plant height (58.53 cm), spikes per plant (3.98), seeds per spike (37.86), total yield (3.47 tons·ha-1), flag leaf area (25.75 cm²), chlorophyllcontent and water use efficiency (1.6 kg grains m-3 water).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat water use efficiency was highest under 30 % available water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 30 % available watere0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water use efficiency was recorded under 30 % available water, while the maximum grain yield (6.07 tons ha-1) was achieved under 50 % available water.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield reached 6.07 tons per hectare under 50 % available water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50 % available watere0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 6.07 tons ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water use efficiency was recorded under 30 % available water, while the maximum grain yield (6.07 tons ha-1) was achieved under 50 % available water.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 50 mg per liter proline increased wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 50 mg L-1 proline (P3)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of 50 mg L-1 proline (P3) increased grain yield and improved water use efficiency to 1.61 kg grains m-3 water.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline improved wheat water use efficiency to 1.61 kg grains per cubic meter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 50 mg L-1 proline (P3)e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 1.61 kg grains m-3 watere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of 50 mg L-1 proline (P3) increased grain yield and improved water use efficiency to 1.61 kg grains m-3 water.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought by proline interaction was not statistically significant in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- interactions between drought stress and proline concentratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interactions between drought stress and proline concentration were not statistically significant”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sham 6 outperformed Ibaa 99 and Adnaniyah in most wheat growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sham 6e0
- Outcome
- most growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Comparator
- Ibaa 99 and Adnaniyahe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sham 6 consistently outperformed Ibaa 99 and Adnaniyah across most growth and yield parameters.”
t0“wheat”
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