Abstract
A comprehensive field experiment was executed at the Department of Entomology, RVSKVV, College of Agriculture, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, during the Kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019 to investigate the comparative efficacy of diverse biopesticidal formulations in the management of shoot and fruit borer (Earias vittella) infestation in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The experimental design was a Randomized Block Design composed of eight distinct treatments: Beauveria bassiana at 0.5kg/ha, Verticillium lecanii at 1.0kg/ha, neem oil 5% at 2.5L/ha, neem leaf extract 5% at 25kg/ha, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% at 25kg/ha, garlic clove extract 5% at 25kg/ha, and Panchgavya 3% at 15L/ha. Empirical data robustly indicated that all biopesticidal interventions were efficacious in mitigating shoot damage relative to untreated controls. Across all treated plots, the proportion of shoots damaged ranged from 0.89–2.62%, which is appreciably lower compared to 2.72% in the untreated controls. The highest reduction in shoot damage was attributed to NSKE 5% (0.89%), closely followed by B. bassiana, whereas Panchgavya 3% exhibited the highest shoot damage among the biopesticidal treatments (2.62%). Analytical computations revealed a percent reduction in shoot damage between 3.7% and 67.3% depending on the biopesticidal intervention. Assessment of fruit damage, evaluated on both weight and numerical basis, mirrored these findings. NSKE 5% conferred minimal fruit damage (3.07% by weight, 3.32% by number), followed sequentially by B. bassiana, V. lecanii and neem oil 5%. Conversely, the maximum fruit damage among all treated plots was associated with Panchgavya 3% (7.03% by weight, 7.38% by number). Untreated plots experienced fruit damage rates substantially higher (10.09% by weight, 10.74% by number). The application of biopesticides led to a reduction in fruit damage by 30.3–69.7% (weight) and 31.3–69.1% (number) across treatments. Yield assessments demonstrated that NSKE 5% augmented fruit yield maximally (119.56q/ha), succeeded by B. bassiana and neem oil 5%. In contrast, the lowest fruit yield was found in plots treated with Panchgavya 3% for both years. Economic analyses highlighted B. bassiana as the most profitable intervention, yielding the highest net profit (₹27,128/ha), followed by NSKE 5% (₹25,938/ha), along with the maximal benefit-cost ratio for B. bassiana (1:14.13), then V. lecanii (1:8.36), NSKE 5% (1:8.11) and garlic clove extract 5% (1:6.78).In summation, the study distinctly substantiates the high efficacy of select biopesticides - particularly NSKE 5%, B. bassiana and neem oil 5% - in curtailing shoot and fruit borer damage, enhancing fruit yield, and improving economic returns. These results highlight the strategic merit and sustainability of integrating these biopesticidal agents into pest management protocols for okra cultivation in Madhya Pradesh, offering an environmentally responsible alternative to conventional chemical pesticides.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Biopesticides reduced shoot damage relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- biopesticidal interventionse0
- Outcome
- shoot damagee0
- Direction
- mitigatinge0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“all biopesticidal interventions were efficacious in mitigating shoot damage relative to untreated controls”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated shoots had 0.89–2.62% damage versus 2.72% in controls.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- proportion of shoots damagede0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.89–2.62%e0
- Qualifier
- 2.72%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proportion of shoots damaged ranged from 0.89–2.62%, which is appreciably lower compared to 2.72% in the untreated controls”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE 5% produced the lowest shoot damage.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- NSKE 5%e0
- Outcome
- shoot damagee0
- Direction
- highest reductione0
- Value
- 0.89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest reduction in shoot damage was attributed to NSKE 5% (0.89%)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Panchgavya 3% had the highest shoot damage among treatments.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Panchgavya 3%e0
- Outcome
- shoot damagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.62%e0
- Comparator
- biopesticidal treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panchgavya 3% exhibited the highest shoot damage among the biopesticidal treatments (2.62%)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biopesticides reduced shoot damage by 3.7% to 67.3%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- biopesticidal interventione0
- Outcome
- shoot damagee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 3.7% and 67.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percent reduction in shoot damage between 3.7% and 67.3% depending on the biopesticidal intervention”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE 5% minimized fruit damage by weight.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- NSKE 5%e0
- Outcome
- fruit damagee0
- Direction
- minimale0
- Value
- 3.07% by weighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NSKE 5% conferred minimal fruit damage (3.07% by weight, 3.32% by number)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE 5% minimized fruit damage by number.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- NSKE 5%e0
- Outcome
- fruit damagee0
- Direction
- minimale0
- Value
- 3.32% by numbere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NSKE 5% conferred minimal fruit damage (3.07% by weight, 3.32% by number)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Panchgavya 3% produced maximum treated fruit damage by weight.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Panchgavya 3%e0
- Outcome
- fruit damagee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 7.03% by weighte0
- Comparator
- treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum fruit damage among all treated plots was associated with Panchgavya 3% (7.03% by weight, 7.38% by number)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Panchgavya 3% produced maximum treated fruit damage by number.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Panchgavya 3%e0
- Outcome
- fruit damagee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 7.38% by numbere0
- Comparator
- treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum fruit damage among all treated plots was associated with Panchgavya 3% (7.03% by weight, 7.38% by number)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated fruit damage was 10.09% by weight.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- fruit damage ratese0
- Value
- 10.09% by weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Untreated plots experienced fruit damage rates substantially higher (10.09% by weight, 10.74% by number)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated fruit damage was 10.74% by number.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- fruit damage ratese0
- Value
- 10.74% by numbere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Untreated plots experienced fruit damage rates substantially higher (10.09% by weight, 10.74% by number)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biopesticides reduced fruit damage by weight.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit damagee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 30.3–69.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in fruit damage by 30.3–69.7% (weight) and 31.3–69.1% (number) across treatments”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biopesticides reduced fruit damage by number.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit damagee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 31.3–69.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in fruit damage by 30.3–69.7% (weight) and 31.3–69.1% (number) across treatments”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE 5% gave maximum fruit yield.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- NSKE 5%e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- maximallye0
- Value
- 119.56q/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NSKE 5% augmented fruit yield maximally (119.56q/ha)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Panchgavya 3% gave the lowest fruit yield.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Panchgavya 3%e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest fruit yield was found in plots treated with Panchgavya 3% for both years”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana had the highest net profit.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- B. bassianae0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- ₹27,128/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. bassiana as the most profitable intervention, yielding the highest net profit (₹27,128/ha)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE 5% gave net profit of ₹25,938/ha.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- NSKE 5%e0
- Outcome
- NSKE 5%e0
- Value
- ₹25,938/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by NSKE 5% (₹25,938/ha)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana gave the highest benefit cost ratio.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- B. bassianae0
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratioe0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 1:14.13e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximal benefit-cost ratio for B. bassiana (1:14.13)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
V. lecanii gave a benefit cost ratio of 1:8.36.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- V. lecaniie0
- Value
- 1:8.36e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“V. lecanii (1:8.36)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE and garlic extract gave benefit cost ratios of 1:8.11 and 1:6.78.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- NSKE 5%e0
- Value
- 1:8.11e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NSKE 5% (1:8.11) and garlic clove extract 5% (1:6.78)”
t0“Okra”
e1“in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.