Abstract
Seedling cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a critical initial step in rice production. This study investigated the effects of sowing methods and strigolactone (GR24) on rice seedlings under salt stress. Results showed that drill-sown seedlings exhibited superior quality under normal conditions compared to broadcast-sown seedlings. Salt stress significantly increased the contents of Cl−, Na+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), disrupted chloroplast structure and hormonal balance, and reduced gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Notably, drill-sowing conferred stronger salt tolerance than broadcast-sowing. Exogenous application of GR24 enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes—including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)—and elevated non-enzymatic antioxidant contents such as ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), total phenolics, and flavonoids, alongside related enzyme activities. Concurrently, GR24 reduced Na+ and Cl− accumulation, lowered the Na+/K+ ratio, and increased the contents of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and hormones. Consequently, GR24 decreased MDA and ROS levels, protected membrane integrity, reduced electrolyte leakage, repaired chloroplast structure, and improved gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Due to their superior spatial distribution and photosynthetic efficiency, drill-sown seedlings synergized with GR24 to enhance antioxidant capacity under salt stress, enabling more effective scavenging of peroxidative radicals, stabilization of the photosynthetic system, and mitigation of salt-induced growth inhibition. Ultimately, this combination demonstrated greater stress alleviation than broadcast-sown seedlings.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drill-sown seedlings had superior quality under normal conditions.
Verbatim
e0“drill-sown seedlings exhibited superior quality under normal conditions compared to broadcast-sown seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Cl−, Na+, and ROS contents.
- Taxon
- Salt stresse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- contents of Cl−, Na+, reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress significantly increased the contents of Cl−, Na+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased MDA content.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress significantly increased the contents of Cl−, Na+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress disrupted chloroplast structure and hormonal balance.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- chloroplast structure and hormonal balancee0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disrupted chloroplast structure and hormonal balance”
t0“Rice Seedlings Under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters”
t0“Rice Seedlings Under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Drill sowing gave stronger salt tolerance than broadcast sowing.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- drill-sowinge0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- broadcast-sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drill-sowing conferred stronger salt tolerance than broadcast-sowing”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 raised activities of SOD, APX, POD, and CAT.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of GR24e0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GR24 enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes—including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 raised ascorbic acid, glutathione, and total phenolics.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GR24e1
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic antioxidant contents such as ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), total phenolicse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated non-enzymatic antioxidant contents such as ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), total phenolics, and flavonoids”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e1“Exogenous application of GR24”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 raised flavonoids and related enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Strigolactonest0
- Outcome
- flavonoids, alongside related enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoids, alongside related enzyme activities”
t0“Sowing Methods and Strigolactones Alleviate Damage to the Photosynthetic System of Rice Seedlings Under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 reduced Na+ and Cl− accumulation and the Na+/K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GR24e0
- Outcome
- Na+ and Cl− accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GR24 reduced Na+ and Cl− accumulation, lowered the Na+/K+ ratio”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 lowered the Na+/K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GR24e0
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ ratioe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GR24 reduced Na+ and Cl− accumulation, lowered the Na+/K+ ratio”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 increased K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GR24e1
- Outcome
- contents of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the contents of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and hormones”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e1“GR24 reduced Na+ and Cl− accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 increased hormone contents.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GR24e1
- Outcome
- hormonese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the contents of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and hormones”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e1“GR24 reduced Na+ and Cl− accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 decreased MDA and ROS levels.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GR24e0
- Outcome
- MDA and ROS levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GR24 decreased MDA and ROS levels”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 protected membranes and reduced electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Strigolactonest1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protected membrane integrity, reduced electrolyte leakage”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
t1“Strigolactones”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 repaired chloroplast structure.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Strigolactonest1
- Outcome
- chloroplast structuree0
- Direction
- repairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repaired chloroplast structure”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
t1“Strigolactones”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 improved gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Strigolactonest1
- Outcome
- gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
t1“Strigolactones”
Claim · model-written summary
Drill sowing and GR24 enhanced antioxidant capacity under salt stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- drill-sown seedlings synergized with GR24e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drill-sown seedlings synergized with GR24 to enhance antioxidant capacity under salt stress”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined drill sowing and GR24 treatment mitigated salt-induced growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sowing Methods and Strigolactonest1
- Outcome
- salt-induced growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- mitigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mitigation of salt-induced growth inhibition”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
t1“Sowing Methods and Strigolactones”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination gave greater stress alleviation than broadcast-sown seedlings.
- Taxon
- Rice SeedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- this combinatione0
- Outcome
- stress alleviatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- broadcast-sown seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this combination demonstrated greater stress alleviation than broadcast-sown seedlings”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
t1“Sowing Methods and Strigolactones”
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.