Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) are widely used plant growth regulators for promoting berry enlargement in grapes. To evaluate the effects of GA3 and CPPU on fruit quality and peelability of the seedless grape cultivar ‘Wuhe Cuibao’, and to determine the optimal concentration combination under the ecological conditions of Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, grape clusters were treated with varying concentrations of GA3 and CPPU at full bloom and again 14 days later (young fruit stage), with water treatment as the control (CK). After maturation, the fruits were harvested for subsequent analysis of external morphology and internal quality parameters in both fruit clusters and individual berries. Paraffin embedding and sectioning were performed to conduct histological observations of cuticle thickness and cellular morphology in the treated fruits. The results indicate that GA3 and CPPU treatments significantly enhanced the external quality of ‘Wuhe Cuibao’ grapes by effectively reducing fruit drop during cultivation. With the exception of T3 treatment, all treatments promoted both cluster elongation and berry enlargement. GA3 treatment alone was more effective than CPPU treatment, and its effects were positively correlated with concentration. The T2 treatment resulted in the greatest increases in fruit length, berry weight, pedicel thickness, and pedicel tensile strength, surpassing the control (CK) by 35.53%, 43.65%, 88.92%, and 104.76%, respectively. The combined application of GA3 and CPPU showed a synergistic effect, especially in T8, which led to the highest increases in cluster length (21.94%), cluster weight (41.92%), and berry width (13.49%) compared with the control. In addition, all treatments promoted the color transition of berries from green to yellow-green. Histological analysis showed a significant increase in cuticle thickness and in the size of both epidermal and subepidermal cells after treatment. In addition, all treatments increased fruit firmness and peel adherence in a concentration-dependent manner. GA3 treatment alone produced the greatest increases in both fruit firmness and peel–flesh adherence, while the addition of CPPU treatment alleviated these effects. All treatments improved internal fruit quality by increasing the content of vitamin C, reducing sugars, soluble sugars, starch, and cellulose. GA3 treatment alone significantly increased the levels of soluble solids, soluble proteins, and total phenols by 5.67%, 1.49%, and 5.38%, respectively, compared to the control (CK). In contrast, CPPU treatment alone significantly reduced the levels of these compounds. Notably, combined GA3 and CPPU treatment in T5 led to the highest accumulation of vitamin C and reducing sugars, with increases of 3.78% and 62.36%, respectively, compared to the CK. Additionally, all treatments reduced anthocyanin and titratable acid levels, with a synergistic effect observed under combined treatment in lowering titratable acidity. Comprehensive evaluation revealed that the combined application of 50 mg·L−1 GA3 and 5.0 mg·L−1 CPPU at full bloom and 14 days thereafter resulted in the greatest overall improvement in grape quality, offering theoretical and practical support for the efficient, high-quality cultivation of this cultivar.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 and CPPU reduced fruit drop significantly.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Material
- ‘Wuhe Cuibao’t0
- Treatment
- GA3 and CPPU treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit drope0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The results indicate that GA3 and CPPU treatments significantly enhanced the external quality of ‘Wuhe Cuibao’ grapes by effectively reducing fruit drop during cultivation.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments other than T3 promoted cluster elongation and berry enlargement.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of T3 treatment, all treatments promoted both cluster elongation and berry enlargement.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 alone was more effective than CPPU, with effects positively correlated with concentration.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 treatment alone was more effective than CPPU treatment, and its effects were positively correlated with concentration.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased fruit length by 35.53% over CK.
Verbatim
e0“The T2 treatment resulted in the greatest increases in fruit length, berry weight, pedicel thickness, and pedicel tensile strength, surpassing the control (CK) by 35.53%, 43.65%, 88.92%, and 104.76%, respectively.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased berry weight by 43.65% over CK.
Verbatim
e0“The T2 treatment resulted in the greatest increases in fruit length, berry weight, pedicel thickness, and pedicel tensile strength, surpassing the control (CK) by 35.53%, 43.65%, 88.92%, and 104.76%, respectively.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased pedicel thickness by 88.92% over CK.
Verbatim
e0“The T2 treatment resulted in the greatest increases in fruit length, berry weight, pedicel thickness, and pedicel tensile strength, surpassing the control (CK) by 35.53%, 43.65%, 88.92%, and 104.76%, respectively.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased pedicel tensile strength by 104.76% over CK.
Verbatim
e0“The T2 treatment resulted in the greatest increases in fruit length, berry weight, pedicel thickness, and pedicel tensile strength, surpassing the control (CK) by 35.53%, 43.65%, 88.92%, and 104.76%, respectively.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 combined treatment increased cluster length by 21.94% over control.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of GA3 and CPPU showed a synergistic effect, especially in T8, which led to the highest increases in cluster length (21.94%), cluster weight (41.92%), and berry width (13.49%) compared with the control.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 combined treatment increased cluster weight by 41.92% over control.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of GA3 and CPPU showed a synergistic effect, especially in T8, which led to the highest increases in cluster length (21.94%), cluster weight (41.92%), and berry width (13.49%) compared with the control.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 combined treatment increased berry width by 13.49% over control.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of GA3 and CPPU showed a synergistic effect, especially in T8, which led to the highest increases in cluster length (21.94%), cluster weight (41.92%), and berry width (13.49%) compared with the control.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments promoted berry color transition to yellow-green.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Material
- ‘Wuhe Cuibao’t0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- color transition of berries from green to yellow-greene0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“In addition, all treatments promoted the color transition of berries from green to yellow-green.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment significantly increased cuticle thickness and epidermal and subepidermal cell size.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Material
- ‘Wuhe Cuibao’t0
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- cuticle thickness and in the size of both epidermal and subepidermal cellse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Histological analysis showed a significant increase in cuticle thickness and in the size of both epidermal and subepidermal cells after treatment.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments increased fruit firmness and peel adherence with concentration.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Material
- ‘Wuhe Cuibao’t0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit firmness and peel adherencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In addition, all treatments increased fruit firmness and peel adherence in a concentration-dependent manner.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 alone gave the greatest firmness and peel adherence increases; CPPU addition alleviated them.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 treatment alone produced the greatest increases in both fruit firmness and peel–flesh adherence, while the addition of CPPU treatment alleviated these effects.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments raised vitamin C, reducing sugars and soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Material
- ‘Wuhe Cuibao’t0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Outcome
- content of vitamin C, reducing sugars, soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“All treatments improved internal fruit quality by increasing the content of vitamin C, reducing sugars, soluble sugars, starch, and cellulose.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments raised starch and cellulose content.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Material
- ‘Wuhe Cuibao’t0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Outcome
- starch, and cellulosee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“All treatments improved internal fruit quality by increasing the content of vitamin C, reducing sugars, soluble sugars, starch, and cellulose.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 alone significantly increased soluble solids by 5.67%.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 treatment alone significantly increased the levels of soluble solids, soluble proteins, and total phenols by 5.67%, 1.49%, and 5.38%, respectively, compared to the control (CK).”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 alone significantly increased soluble proteins by 1.49%.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 treatment alone significantly increased the levels of soluble solids, soluble proteins, and total phenols by 5.67%, 1.49%, and 5.38%, respectively, compared to the control (CK).”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 alone significantly increased total phenols by 5.38%.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 treatment alone significantly increased the levels of soluble solids, soluble proteins, and total phenols by 5.67%, 1.49%, and 5.38%, respectively, compared to the control (CK).”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment at full bloom and 14 days thereafter gave the greatest overall grape quality improvement.
Verbatim
e0“Comprehensive evaluation revealed that the combined application of 50 mg·L−1 GA3 and 5.0 mg·L−1 CPPU at full bloom and 14 days thereafter resulted in the greatest overall improvement in grape quality, offering theoretical and practical support for the efficient, high-quality cultivation of this cultivar.”
t0“‘Wuhe Cuibao’ Grape”
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