Abstract
Soil salinization limits the growth of agricultural crops in the world, requiring the use of methods to increase the tolerance of agricultural crops to salinity–alkali stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis and offer a promising strategy for remediation. However, in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.), research has mainly focused on physiological assessments, while the key genes and metabolic pathways involved in AMF-mediated growth and saline–alkali tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we employed integrated multi-omics and physiological analyses to explore the regulatory mechanisms of AMF in oats under normal and saline–alkali stress. The results indicated that AMF symbiosis significantly promoted oat growth and physiological performance under both normal and saline–alkali stress conditions. Compared to the non-inoculated group under normal conditions, AMF increased plant height and biomass by 8.5% and 15.3%, respectively. Under saline–alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) were elevated by 18.4%, 18.2%, and 14.8%, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that AMF colonization under saline–alkali stress induced about twice as many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as under non-saline–alkali stressed conditions. These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%). Integrated multi-omics analysis indicated that AMF optimized energy utilization and antioxidant defense by enhancing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism pathways. This study provides new insights into how AMF may enhance oat growth and tolerance to saline–alkali stress.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Under normal conditions, AMF increased oat plant height relative to the non-inoculated group.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- AMFe2
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 8.5%e2
- Qualifier
- under normal conditionse2
- Comparator
- non-inoculated groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e2“Compared to the non-inoculated group under normal conditions, AMF increased plant height and biomass by 8.5% and 15.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under normal conditions, AMF increased oat biomass relative to the non-inoculated group.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe2
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 15.3%e2
- Qualifier
- under normal conditionse2
- Comparator
- non-inoculated groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e2“Compared to the non-inoculated group under normal conditions, AMF increased plant height and biomass by 8.5% and 15.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline-alkali stress, AMF enhanced the SPAD value of oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- SPAD valuee3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 16.7%e3
- Qualifier
- Under saline–alkali stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e3“Under saline–alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline-alkali stress, AMF enhanced the relative water content of oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 7.3%e3
- Qualifier
- Under saline–alkali stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e3“Under saline–alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline-alkali stress, AMF reduced MDA content in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- MDA contente3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 35.8%e3
- Qualifier
- Under saline–alkali stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e3“Under saline–alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline-alkali stress, AMF increased soluble protein in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- soluble proteine3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 21.8%e3
- Qualifier
- Under saline–alkali stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e3“Under saline–alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline-alkali stress, AMF decreased proline in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- prolinee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 13.3%e3
- Qualifier
- Under saline–alkali stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e3“Under saline–alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF elevated SOD activity in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Gene
- SODe4
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Value
- 18.4%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e4“antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) were elevated by 18.4%, 18.2%, and 14.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF elevated POD activity in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Gene
- PODe4
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Value
- 18.2%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e4“antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) were elevated by 18.4%, 18.2%, and 14.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF elevated CAT activity in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Gene
- CATe4
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Value
- 14.8%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e4“antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) were elevated by 18.4%, 18.2%, and 14.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization under saline-alkali stress induced about twice as many DEGs as under non-saline-alkali conditions.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- AMF colonizatione5
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e5
- Direction
- inducede5
- Value
- about twice as manye5
- Qualifier
- under saline–alkali stresse5
- Comparator
- non-saline–alkali stressed conditionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis”
e5“AMF colonization under saline–alkali stress induced about twice as many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as under non-saline–alkali stressed conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The DEGs of oat under AMF were primarily associated with environmental information processing, genetic information processing and metabolic processes.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- DEGse6
- Qualifier
- primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e6“These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 573 metabolites were identified in oat across treatments.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- metabolitese6
- Value
- 573 metabolitese6
- Qualifier
- identified across treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e6“These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipids made up 29.3% of the identified oat metabolites.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- lipidse6
- Value
- 29.3%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e6“These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic compounds made up 36.8% of the identified oat metabolites.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- organic compoundse6
- Value
- 36.8%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e6“These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary metabolites made up 21.5% of the identified oat metabolites.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolitese6
- Value
- 21.5%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e6“These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF optimized energy utilization and antioxidant defense in oat by enhancing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism pathways.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Outcome
- energy utilization and antioxidant defensee7
- Qualifier
- by enhancing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism pathwayse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.)”
e7“Integrated multi-omics analysis indicated that AMF optimized energy utilization and antioxidant defense by enhancing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism pathways”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · growth · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →mycorrhiza · physiology: pigments · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · physiology: oxidative · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · soil: biology · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.